Burrowing specializations in a lacewing larva (Neuroptera: Dilaridae)

Badano, Davide; Giulio, Andrea Di; Aspöck, Horst; Aspöck, Horst; Cerretti, Pierfilippo

doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2021.06.014

Cited by 11 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In contrast, many antlions dig with a backward movement (e.g., Creoleon Tillyard, Distoleon Banks), supported by the postabdomen and metathoracic legs. This very unusual mode of locomotion, is closely correlated with an ambush strategy, and some genera have evolved a highly specialized behaviour of building a pit trap (e.g., Euroleon Esben‐Petersen, Myrmeleon Linnaeus) (Badano et al, 2017, 2021; Badano & Pantaleoni, 2014). Tillyard (1922) suggested that the larvae of Ithone burrow in soil with their robust legs and move in a screw‐like progression to explore food in the substrate, but this is an unconfirmed interpretation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unearthing underground predators: The head morphology of larvae of the moth lacewing genus Ithone Newman (Neuroptera: Ithonidae) and its functional and phylogenetic implications

Friedrich

Jandausch

et al. 2022

Systematic Entomology

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Moth lacewings (Ithonidae) are a rare group of Neuroptera with an unusual subterranean larval life‐style. We examined external and internal head structures of an older‐instar larva of Ithone Newman with a broad spectrum of techniques. Larval autapomorphies, likely correlated with the subterranean habits, are the compact and shovel‐shaped head, unusually massive mandibular‐maxillary stylets, and a C‐shaped postcephalic body. Other cephalic autapomorphies are the massive X‐shaped tentorium, incurved antennae, and a strongly developed M. verticopharyngalis. The visual organs are distinctly simplified but a single functional stemma on each side of head is retained despite of the subterranean habits. In contrast to previous studies, a well‐developed gular sclerite is present in Ithonidae, possibly a secondary acquisition. A cephalic gland complex and poison channel are present, with an unexpected additional lateral accessory gland and an additional lateral channel. The poison glands and dual channels very clearly indicate that the larvae are predators, contradicting the phytophagous habits formerly postulated. Compared with soil‐inhabiting scarabaeoid beetle larvae, striking differences of head structures are due to different feeding habits and phylogenetic constraints. Morphological similarities like a C‐shaped postcephalic body and strongly developed legs suitable for burrowing in soil are evolutionary parallels associated with the subterranean life‐style in the two non‐related groups. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was carried out with an updated morphological matrix. The results were compared with a phylogeny based on anchored hybrid enrichment data. The evolutionary transformations of selected characters were evaluated using phylogenies estimated from both datasets.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unearthing underground predators: The head morphology of larvae of the moth lacewing genus Ithone Newman (Neuroptera: Ithonidae) and its functional and phylogenetic implications

Friedrich

Jandausch

et al. 2022

Systematic Entomology

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“…It is therefore not surprising that some evolved the ability to expand the trunk volume quite dramatically. Factually, many holometabolan larvae, including different lacewings, show a tendency towards physogastry (e.g., Psychopsidae 56 ; Osmylidae 57 ) Yet, extreme cases in lacewings, in which the term physogastry has been applied, are those of later stage larvae of pleasing lacewings (Dilaridae 58 ) and beaded lacewings (Berothidae 20 ). Surprisingly, the term has not been applied for later larvae of mantis lacewings (Mantispidae), although our comparison demonstrates the trunk is comparatively even more dramatically inflated (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For pleasing lacewing larvae, a life style in wood galleries of other holometabolan larvae 20 , 58 , 71 and soil 58 , 72 was inferred. Beaded lacewing larvae live in termite nests, mantis lacewings larvae in egg sacs of spiders or in nests of eusocial hymenopterans (wasps, bees 73 , their p. 103).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Badano et al 58 suggested that the 'enlarged trunk' morphology may be functionally coupled to life in a confined space. In larvae of checker beetles, living either in bee nests or in wood galleries of other holometabolan larvae, also an inflation of the trunk, in later larval stages, is well apparent 74 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specimens included are extant larvae of the groups Berothidae and Dilaridae as well as fossil larvae potentially representing the same two groups. Additionally, of two specimens depicted in Badano et al 58 the outlines of the head capsule and stylets were redrawn in Adobe Illustrator CS2. Finally, of one of the newly reported larvae the outline of head capsule and stylets were also redrawn and included into the data set.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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100 Million-year-old straight-jawed lacewing larvae with enormously inflated trunks represent the oldest cases of extreme physogastry in insects

Haug

2022

Sci Rep

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Physogastry is a phenomenon occurring in Euarthropoda and describes an extreme inflation of (parts of) the trunk. It is best known from ticks, termite queens, or honey-pot ants, but can also be found in several other representatives of Euarthropoda. Physogastry has so far rarely been seen in the fossil record. We describe here an example of physogastry in two lacewing larvae (Neuroptera) enclosed in a single piece of Kachin amber (ca. 100 Ma old). We measured head and trunk ratios of different physogastric and non-physogastric representatives of Euarthropoda. Plotting these ratios shows that the new larvae, which display quite extremely inflated trunks, are very similar to ticks or honey-pot ants, but also to certain lacewing larvae of the group Berothidae (beaded lacewings). Outline analysis of head capsule and mouthparts (stylets) further suggests a position within Berothidae. Physogastry is presumed to be linked with living in confined spaces such as wood galleries or soil. Indeed, at least some larvae of Berothidae are known to live inside termite nests for part of their larval life phase, a habit the new larvae may also have had. The new record represents the oldest case of extreme physogastry in insects known to date.

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Acanthochrysa langae gen. et sp. nov., a new lacewing larva (Neuroptera: Chrysopoidea) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber

Liu

Luo

Jarzembowski

et al. 2022

Cretaceous Research

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Burrowing specializations in a lacewing larva (Neuroptera: Dilaridae)

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

Unearthing underground predators: The head morphology of larvae of the moth lacewing genus Ithone Newman (Neuroptera: Ithonidae) and its functional and phylogenetic implications

Unearthing underground predators: The head morphology of larvae of the moth lacewing genus Ithone Newman (Neuroptera: Ithonidae) and its functional and phylogenetic implications

100 Million-year-old straight-jawed lacewing larvae with enormously inflated trunks represent the oldest cases of extreme physogastry in insects

Acanthochrysa langae gen. et sp. nov., a new lacewing larva (Neuroptera: Chrysopoidea) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber

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