Butylene Glycol Used as a Sustainable Solvent for Extracting Bioactive Compounds fromCamellia sinensisFlowers with Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction

Abstract

The research aims to assess the yield of bioactive compounds and their antioxidant activities obtained from tea flowers using an ultrasound-assisted extraction method with butylene glycol (BG-UAE) through Box−Behnken design. It investigates the bioactive compounds including the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total tannin content (TTC) and analyzes their antioxidant activities, bioactive compound composition by liquid chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry, and their cellular activities via UAE and maceration using BG or ethanol as the solvent. Under optimal conditions, the values of the TPC, TFC, TTC, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil radical scavenging assay, 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical scavenging assay, and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) of the BG-UAE extract were 54.00 ± 1.19 mg GAE/g sample, 291.47 ± 3.34 mg QE/g sample, 65.37 ± 1.78 mg TAE/g sample, 106.45 ± 1.21 mg TEAC/g sample, 163.58 ± 2.76 mg TEAC/g sample, and 121.31 ± 4.75 mg FeSO 4 /g sample, respectively. Except for FRAP, BG-UAE exhibited the highest values in all parameters compared to the other extraction methods. Catechins and caffeine were predominantly detected in tea flower extracts through UAE with BG and ethanol (EtOH-UAE). BG-UAE exhibited greater cell viability and cellular antioxidant activity than EtOH-UAE. The researcher expects that this research will contribute to the emergence of a green extraction technique that will offer larger functional components with economic and environmental benefits and minimal chemicals and energy use.

Optimizing ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Canthium horridum blume leaves utilizing polyols: A study on skin-related activities

“…1 ). Previous studies supported the findings that alcohol-water mixtures enhanced the extraction yield of bioactive compounds [ 14 , 15 , 24 ].

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“…Earlier research on the UAE of coffee pulp with an aqueous-propylene glycol mixture and tea flower with an aqueous-BG mixture showed that TPC, as well as antioxidant activities, remained relatively unchanged with prolonged extraction duration. However, these values exhibited an increase with higher solvent-to-sample ratios until reaching a saturation point, beyond which additional solvent did not lead to further enhancement in response values [ 14 , 15 ]. In contrast, Pandey et al (2018) found that the duration of extraction did not significantly affect response values such as TPC, ABTS, and DPPH.…”

“…The method for extracting CH leaf involved employing a 6 mm probe ultrasonicator (VCX 130, Vibra cell, Sonics & Materials, USA), operating consistently at a frequency of 20 kHz and at room temperature as outlined in a specified protocol [ 15 ].…”

“…A comparative investigation was conducted between the UAE and maceration technique, employing various solvents, specifically the selected solvent or ethanol following the protocol delineated [ 15 ]. Following extraction, the resultant mixtures underwent centrifugation, with subsequent collection of the supernatants for further analysis.…”

“…Nevertheless, the investigation of UAE utilizing polyols for extracting phenolic compounds and analyzing bioactive compound compositions in CH leaf extracts through LC-MS/MS is not extensively documented in existing literature. Additionally, previous studies in the field of aqueous-polyols systems have predominantly focused on the use of a single polyol [ 14 , 15 ], with limited exploration of systems incorporating two or more polyols for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants. Consequently, this research aims to develop a novel solvent system for phenolic extraction using a simplex-lattice design, optimizing extraction conditions through response surface methodology (RSM) employing a central composite design (CCD).…”