‘C’ is for commercial collaboration: enterprise and structure in the ‘middle market’ of counterfeit alcohol distribution

Spencer, Jonathan; Lord, Nicholas; Benson, Katie; Bellotti, Elisa

doi:10.1007/s10611-018-9781-z

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…After the same acquisition processing steps, the mobile app opens an embedded hyperlink to the webpage to confirm the genuine product information. The alcohol tolerance of the proposed edible codes can also be useful for fighting against high-value counterfeit alcoholic spirits, which are one of the most troublesome counterfeit products. − For example, it is estimated that the U.K. spirits market including whiskies and gins is £5.5 billion and that 18% U.K. adults experienced purchasing counterfeit alcoholic spirits. , …”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Edible Matrix Code with Photogenic Silk Proteins

Leem

Jeon

et al. 2022

ACS Cent. Sci.

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Counterfeit medicines are a healthcare security problem, posing not only a direct threat to patient safety and public health but also causing heavy economic losses. Current anticounterfeiting methods are limited due to the toxicity of the constituent materials and the focus of secondary packaging level protections. We introduce an edible, imperceptible, and scalable matrix code of information representation and data storage for pharmaceutical products. This matrix code is digestible as it is composed of silk fibroin genetically encoded with fluorescent proteins produced by ecofriendly, sustainable silkworm farming. Three distinct fluorescence emission colors are incorporated into a multidimensional parameter space with a variable encoding capacity in a format of matrix arrays. This code is smartphone-readable to extract a digitized security key augmented by a deep neural network for overcoming fabrication imperfections and a cryptographic hash function for enhanced security. The biocompatibility, photostability, thermal stability, long-term reliability, and low bit error ratio of the code support the immediate feasibility for dosage-level anticounterfeit measures and authentication features. The edible code affixed to each medicine can serve as serialization, track and trace, and authentication at the dosage level, empowering every patient to play a role in combating illicit pharmaceuticals.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Edible Matrix Code with Photogenic Silk Proteins

Leem

Jeon

et al. 2022

ACS Cent. Sci.

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“…The case descriptions and the script analysis are reported (in the same way as in this article -see the following section) in , where we also discuss situational prevention measures in detail. In Spencer et al (2018) we concentrate on the definition of the middle market in counterfeit alcohol and the structure of the 'illicit' market.…”

Section: Data Sources Research Questions and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The case descriptions and the script analysis are reported (in the same way as in this article – see the following section) in Lord et al (2017), where we also discuss situational prevention measures in detail. In Spencer et al (2018) we concentrate on the definition of the middle market in counterfeit alcohol and the structure of the ‘illicit’ market. Here we want to focus specifically on the combination of script and social network analysis as a method to investigate the organized structure of the criminal group, its efficiency and resilience.…”

Section: Data Sources Research Questions and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Counterfeit alcohol distribution: A criminological script network analysis

Bellotti¹,

Spencer²,

Lord

et al. 2018

European Journal of Criminology

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This paper analyses a series of subsequent and connected investigations by a domestic European regulator on the network of distribution of counterfeit alcohol across two jurisdictions. The analysis mixes script analysis, a narrative framework for enhancing the understanding of how crimes unfold and are organized, with multi-node multi-link social network analysis, to observe the social structure in which crime scripts take place. We focus our attention on the key players that occupy strategic positions within the network of the crime commission process, from where they overview and control the various phases (scenes) and perform brokerage activities across the scenes, and on strategies of concealment of illicit products beyond the facade of legitimate business. Our findings indicate that actors in charge of managing the proceeds of the criminal activity are also the ones better positioned to monitor the entire process. The overall structure of the criminal network shows a good level of resilience and efficiency, although actors do not adopt common traits of a criminal lifestyle that facilitate secrecy and covertness. We believe that, by shifting the analysis from the nature of the group organization to the network of links between all the aspects of a crime commission process, the organizational structure and its weakest links become more detectable, easier to compare across proto- and meta-scripts, and ultimately more prone to situational preventive measures.

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“…For example, it is estimated that stock swindlers in early twentieth century allocated $40 million a year toward overhead and operational capacity (Balleisen, 2018). Fast forward to the modern era, and some fraudsters invest capital to train “employees” (i.e., surrogates) to perpetuate fraud in their stead (DeLiema et al, 2016), establish legitimate trade channels to peddle counterfeits (Bunei et al, 2016; Spencer et al, 2018), or establish field offices across international jurisdiction lines in order to evade law enforcement (Shover et al, 2004).…”

Section: Findings and Synthesized Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entrepreneurial Fraud: A Multidisciplinary Review and Synthesized Framework

Scheaf

Wood

2021

Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice

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The practical relevance of entrepreneurial fraud has stimulated a wide array of research occurring in disciplinary silos. We take stock of the current state of the entrepreneurial fraud literature by conducting a multidisciplinary systematic literature review and synthesize the findings into a unified framework. Taking an inductive approach, our framework depicts the antecedents, inner workings, and ramifications of entrepreneurial fraud. Doing so, we reveal nuances in the inner workings of entrepreneurial fraud, such as variation in the focus and magnitude of deception used to obtain valuable resources from stakeholders and that fraud can service authentic entrepreneurial activities or nonentrepreneurial personal uses. Accounting for these distinctions reveals that fraud can result in a mixture of positive and negative consequences for perpetrators, victims, and societies.

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‘C’ is for commercial collaboration: enterprise and structure in the ‘middle market’ of counterfeit alcohol distribution

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

Edible Matrix Code with Photogenic Silk Proteins

Edible Matrix Code with Photogenic Silk Proteins

Counterfeit alcohol distribution: A criminological script network analysis

Entrepreneurial Fraud: A Multidisciplinary Review and Synthesized Framework

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