C‐reactive protein in vaginal fluid of patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes

Abstract

Increased vaginal fluid CRP concentration is associated with intraamniotic infection and funisitis. As CRP is produced by hepatocytes and does not cross the placenta, its measurement in vaginal fluid might be an additional parameter for the assessment of fetal well-being in patients with premature PROM.

Microscopic and Sub-Microscopic Plasmodium Falciparum Infection, but Not Inflammation Caused by Infection, Is Associated With Low Birth Weight

“…These results indicate that CRP does not cross the placenta. 46 In previous studies, elevated CRP levels found in amniotic fluid were associated with higher adverse pregnancy outcome reflected in preterm deliveries, intra-amniotic infection, chorioamnionitis, funisitis, and preeclampsia. 22,[47][48][49] In our study, we found that women with elevated CRP levels in plasma had a 3-fold increased risk for low birth weight compared with those who did not show signs of systemic inflammation; however, when adjusted for P. falciparum infection, no independent effect was observed.…”

Are vaginal fluid procalcitonin levels useful for the prediction of subclinial infection in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes?

“…Di Naro et al 6 . found that increased vaginal fluid C‐reactive protein concentration is associated with intra‐amniotic infection and funisitis and that there is a significant correlation between its amniotic fluid and vaginal fluid concentrations.…”

“…Although the assessment of various inflammatory mediators in the amniotic fluid is highly accurate in the diagnosis of amnionitis, it requires the performance of invasive amniocentesis. Moreover amniocentesis may be difficult to perform in patients with pPROM because the amniotic fluid volume is often reduced 6 . Therefore, non‐invasive methods of detecting intrauterine infection are desirable.…”

“…Moreover amniocentesis may be difficult to perform in patients with pPROM because the amniotic fluid volume is often reduced. 6 Therefore, non-invasive methods of detecting intrauterine infection are desirable. Some mediators may be detected in vaginal or cervical secretion and it seems to be probable that the concentrations of them in the vaginal compartment, especially after PROM, are representative of their intra-amniotic concentrations.…”

Maternal serum and vaginal fluid C-reactive protein levels do not predict early-onset neonatal infection in preterm premature rupture of membranes

“…Some inflammatory mediators may also be detected in vaginal or cervical secretions, and it is probable that their concentrations in the vaginal compartment, especially after rupture of membranes, reflect their intraamniotic concentrations. 10,11 C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant produced by liver cells in response to interleukin-6 synthesized during infection, and it was proved that increased CRP values strongly indicate infectious complications. 12 Although maternal serum level of CRP slightly increases within gestational age, still this marker is used as an indicator of intrauterine infection, especially in pPROM cases [13][14][15][16][17][18] nevertheless reports that its benefits are conflicting.…”