Recently, it was demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP are involved in the auxin response during the adventitious rooting process in cucumber (Cucumis sativus; Pagnussat et al., 2002Pagnussat et al., , 2003. However, not much is known about the complex molecular network operating during the cell proliferation and morphogenesis triggered by auxins and NO in that process. Anatomical studies showed that formation of adventitious root primordia was clearly detected in indole acetic acid (IAA)-and NO-treated cucumber explants, while neither cell proliferation nor differentiation into root primordia could be observed in control explants 3 d after primary root was removed. In order to go further with signal transduction mechanisms that operate during IAA-and NO-induced adventitious root formation, experiments were designed to test the involvement of a mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade in that process. Cucumber explants were treated with the NO-donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or with SNP plus the specific NO-scavenger cPTIO. Protein extracts from those explants were assayed for protein kinase (PK) activity by using myelin basic protein (MBP) as substrate in both in vitro and in-gel assays. The activation of a PK of approximately 48 kD could be detected 1 d after NO treatment with a maximal activation after 3 d of treatment. In control explants, a PK activity was detected only after 4 d of treatment. The MBP-kinase activity was also detected in extracts from IAA-treated explants, while no signal was observed in IAA 1 cPTIO treatments. The PK activity could be inhibited by the cell-permeable MAPK kinase inhibitor PD098059, suggesting that the NO-dependent MBP-kinase activity is a MAPK. Furthermore, when PD098059 was administered to explants treated with SNP or IAA, it produced a delay in root emergence and a dose-dependent reduction in root number. Altogether, our results suggest that a MAPK signaling cascade is activated during the adventitious rooting process induced by IAA in a NO-mediated but cGMP-independent pathway. The activation of MAPKs is discussed in relation to the cell responses modulating mitotic process.Auxins play a central role in numerous developmental processes functioning as a signal for cell division, elongation and differentiation. Among auxin actions, an indole acetic acid (IAA) dependence of root formation, apical dominance, and tropic responses have been described (Theologis, 1986;Estelle, 1992;Davies, 1995). The molecular basis of auxin action is an area of intense study. Genetic approaches to dissect how this hormone triggers a variety of effects in plants rely on the analysis of mutants modified in their response to auxin (Walden and Lubenow, 1996). The available mutants display an array of phenotypes that indicates changes in auxin action or response including altered growth, changes in root length and apical dominance, and reduced gravitropism (Lincoln et al., 1990;Pickett et al., 1990;Wilson et al., 1990;Hobbie and Estelle, 1995;Leyser et al., 1996).Adventitious root for...