Cadmium and Lead in Blood in Relation to Low Bone Mineral Density and Tubular Proteinuria

Alfvén, Tobias; Järup, Lars; Elinder, Carl‐Gustaf

doi:10.1289/ehp.02110699

Cited by 88 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Even after exposure ceases, the concentration in the blood never returns to preexposure levels. Thus blood cadmium has been proposed as one of the more accurate estimators of accumulated body burden (Alfven et al 2002). Only about 10% of whole-blood cadmium is circulating in serum, but serum levels appear to correlate with blood levels (Lauwerys et al 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Cadmium Levels in Pancreatic Cancer Patients from the East Nile Delta Region of Egypt

Kriegel

Soliman

Zhang

et al. 2006

Environ Health Perspect

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The northeast Nile Delta region exhibits a high incidence of early-onset pancreatic cancer. It is well documented that this region has one of the highest levels of pollution in Egypt. Epidemiologic studies have suggested that cadmium, a prevalent pollutant in the northeast Nile Delta region, plays a role in the development of pancreatic cancer.Objective: We aimed to assess serum cadmium levels as markers of exposure in pancreatic cancer patients and noncancer comparison subjects from the same region in Egypt.Design and Participants: We assessed serum cadmium levels of 31 newly diagnosed pancreatic cancer patients and 52 hospital comparison subjects from Mansoura, Egypt.Evaluation/Measurements: Serum cadmium levels were measured using a novel immunoassay procedure.Results: We found a significant difference between the mean serum cadmium levels in patients versus comparison subjects (mean ± SD, 11.1 ± 7.7 ng/mL vs. 7.1 ± 5.0 ng/mL, respectively; p = 0.012) but not in age, sex, residence, occupation, or smoking status. The odds ratio (OR) for pancreatic cancer risk was significant for serum cadmium level [OR = 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04–1.23; p = 0.0089] and farming (OR = 3.25; 95% CI, 1.03–11.64; p = 0.0475) but not for age, sex, residence, or smoking status.Conclusions: The results from this pilot study suggest that pancreatic cancer in the East Nile Delta region is significantly associated with high levels of serum cadmium and farming.Relevance to Clinical Practice/Public Health: Future studies should further investigate the etiologic relationship between cadmium exposure and pancreatic carcinogenesis in cadmium-exposed populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Cadmium Levels in Pancreatic Cancer Patients from the East Nile Delta Region of Egypt

Kriegel

Soliman

Zhang

et al. 2006

Environ Health Perspect

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“…However, because the children were examined at a young age (range, 18–47 months), sufficient time may not have elapsed for the adverse effects on the bone to become manifest. In a cross-sectional study of 1,021 adults age 16–81 years, Alfvén et al (2002) also found no association between lead exposure and bone mineral density (BMD). However, the mean blood lead level was low among the subjects studied [3.1 μg/dL (Alfvén T, personal communication)]—suggesting that the lack of an association may have been attributed to low exposure.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

The Association between Blood Lead Levels and Osteoporosis among Adults—Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)

Campbell

Auinger

2007

Environ Health Perspect

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BackgroundOsteoporosis is a reduction in bone mass sufficient to increase the risk of fracture. Lead exposure during childhood may be a risk factor for low bone mineral density (BMD). Basic-science research demonstrates that lead exposure is associated with a decrease in BMD in animals. However, human studies are limited.ObjectiveOur objective was to conduct a secondary analysis of a national database to explore the association between lead exposure and osteoporosis in adult humans.MethodsIn this study we used data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). We analyzed subjects who were ≥ 50 years of age. A concurrent venous blood lead level defined lead exposure. The primary outcome variable was the BMD of the total hip. We conducted analyses on four groups: non-Hispanic white men, non-Hispanic white women, African-American men, and African-American women. We conducted bivariate analyses between covariates known to be associated with bone density (i.e., age, body mass index, calcium intake, ethanol/tobacco consumption, physical activity, socioeconomic status) and the total hip BMD. The significant covariates were introduced into analysis of covariance to determine the association between BMD and blood lead level tercile.ResultsThe adjusted mean total hip BMD among non-Hispanic white males with a blood lead level in the lowest tercile versus the highest tercile was 0.961 g/cm2 and 0.934 g/cm2, respectively (p < 0.05). We also found a similar association among white females, but the difference was marginally significant (0.05 < p < 0.10).ConclusionsWe found a significant inverse association between lead exposure and BMD, but only among white subjects. However, because of the cross-sectional design of NHANES, we cannot make inferences about the temporal sequence of this association. With the large number of adults who had lead exposure in the past and the morbidity associated with osteoporosis, further inquiry is necessary on the possible casusal association between lead exposure and osteoporosis in humans.

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“…In addition, because the children were examined at a young age (range, 18–47 months), sufficient time may not have elapsed for the adverse effects on the bone to become manifest. A study by Alfvén et al (2002) also found no association between lead exposure and bone mineral density (BMD) in a cross-sectional study of adults. However, the authors used concurrent blood lead level to define lead exposure and acknowledged that such a measure may be inadequate to measure body lead burden.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

The Association between Environmental Lead Exposure and Bone Density in Children

Campbell¹,

Rosier

Novotný

et al. 2004

Environ Health Perspect

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Cadmium and Lead in Blood in Relation to Low Bone Mineral Density and Tubular Proteinuria

Cited by 88 publications

References 34 publications

Serum Cadmium Levels in Pancreatic Cancer Patients from the East Nile Delta Region of Egypt

Serum Cadmium Levels in Pancreatic Cancer Patients from the East Nile Delta Region of Egypt

The Association between Blood Lead Levels and Osteoporosis among Adults—Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)

The Association between Environmental Lead Exposure and Bone Density in Children

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