Cadmium bioaccumulation and gastric bioaccessibility in cacao: A field study in areas impacted by oil activities in Ecuador

Barraza, Fiorella; Schreck, Eva; Lévèque, Thibaut; Uzu, Gaëlle; López, Fausto; Ruales, Jenny; Prunier, Jonathan; Marquet, Aurélie; Maurice, Laurence

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.080

Cited by 87 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] In these regions, the Cd concentrations of beans commonly exceed 0.6 to 0.8 mg kg À1 , 14 which is the approximate upper range for manufacturing cocoa products that are in accord with the new EU regulations. 8,15 For example, a recent study of more than 500 farms in Ecuador revealed that nearly 50% of the cacao beans had Cd concentrations that exceeded 0.6 mg kg À1 . 15 For Ecuador and other affected countries, these thresholds may have grave economic consequences, whereby the numerous small-hold farmers and their families, which grow and harvest the cacao beans, might be most severely affected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,6 The interpretation of this observation differs, however. For example, particularly high Cd levels in the uppermost soil layers (<20 cm depth) were interpreted by some workers as a consequence of agricultural practices, such as the application of mineral P fertilizers, 6,8 which oen feature high Cd concentrations, and/or decomposition of cacao leaves and discarded pods, which are commonly le in plantations as an organic fertilizer. 8,12 Other studies linked the high concentrations of plant-available Cd in soils to soil characteristics, such as pH and contents of Mn, Fe and Al oxyhydroxides, which affect the fraction of Cd that is readily mobile rather than tightly adsorbed to soil particles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, particularly high Cd levels in the uppermost soil layers (<20 cm depth) were interpreted by some workers as a consequence of agricultural practices, such as the application of mineral P fertilizers, 6,8 which oen feature high Cd concentrations, and/or decomposition of cacao leaves and discarded pods, which are commonly le in plantations as an organic fertilizer. 8,12 Other studies linked the high concentrations of plant-available Cd in soils to soil characteristics, such as pH and contents of Mn, Fe and Al oxyhydroxides, which affect the fraction of Cd that is readily mobile rather than tightly adsorbed to soil particles. 15,18 Only limited understanding is available on the mechanisms that control Cd uptake by cacao from soils and the processes that take place within cacao, which are responsible for translocation of Cd from the roots to above-ground parts and the internal sequestration of the element.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cadmium isotope fractionation in the soil – cacao systems of Ecuador: a pilot field study

et al. 2019

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cadmium isotope fractionation in the soil – cacao systems of Ecuador: a pilot field study

et al. 2019

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“…The accumulation of Cd in the edible tissues of crops poses serious concerns to the trophic risk of Cd transfer along a food chain [5]. Because of the carcinogenic and adverse effects of Cd on biological processes, the International Agency of Research on Cancer and the United States Environmental Protection Agency classified Cd into Group 1 and Class B, respectively [6]. Excessive concentration of Cd damaged mesophyll cells and epidermal cells in wheats [7] and resulted in the reduction of photosynthesis and chlorophyll content [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amendment of Husk Biochar on Accumulation and Chemical Form of Cadmium in Lettuce and Pak-Choi Grown in Contaminated Soil

Chen

Pai

Lai

2020

Water

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(1) Background: Cadmium (Cd) accumulated in vegetables not only affects their growth but can also enter the human body via food chains and lead to various illnesses. Plants can decrease the toxicity by changing the chemical forms of Cd, which include inorganic (FE), water-soluble (FW), pectate- and protein-integrated (FNaCl), undissolved phosphate (FHAc), oxalate (FHCl), and residual forms (FR). Among them, FE and FW chemical forms show higher mobility to translocate upward from roots to shoots compared with the others. (2) Methods: Different varieties or cultivars of lettuce and pak-choi were grown in Cd-contaminated soils amended with husk biochar (BC) to replenish nitrogen to the recommended amount and also to raise the soil pH value. (3) Results: More than 73% of the accumulated Cd in the edible organs was compartmentalized in FE chemical form in both leafy vegetables regardless of treatments. In comparison with control, the application of BC decreased the Cd concentrations and bioconcentration factors in the roots and shoots of two leafy vegetables at different growth periods in general. The chemical form and bioaccessible fraction of Cd in the edible blanching tissues were used to calculate the risk of oral intake. The vegetable-induced hazard quotients of lettuce and pak-choi were acceptable, except for pak-choi grown in control without applying BC.

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“…En Ecuador, se ha encontrado que en el mucílago se concentran hasta 8,9 ppm, la testa 2,86 ppm y e la almendra de cacao 2,55 ppm de Cd +2 (Mite et al, 2016), 0,94 ppm (Chávez et al, 2915), 0,97 ppm (Barraza et al, 2017). Otros estudios han reportado en la harina de cascarilla de cacao se encontraron 1,11 ppm para Cd +2 y 0,34 ppm para Pb +4 (El Salous & Pascual, 2018).…”

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Evaluación del contenido de metales pesados en almendras de cacao (Theobroma cacao L) durante el proceso de beneficiado

et al. 2019

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Evaluación del contenido de metales pesados en almendras de cacao (Theobroma cacao L) durante el proceso de beneficiado Evaluation of heavy metal content in cocoa almonds (Theobroma cacao L) during the beneficiary processResumen: La presencia de metales pesados especialmente Cadmio (Cd +2 ) y Plomo (Pb +4 ) en cultivos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), es un problema tanto para agricultores y exportadores de cacao, como para los centros de acopio, en los estados de fresco, fermentado y secado. Se analizaron variables físicoquímicas acorde a criterios de atributo de las almendras de cacao para lo cual se utilizó un DCA con cinco repeticiones, los metales Cd +2 y Pb +4 se determinaron por espectrometría de plasma de emisión óptica con ICP-OES. Las variables estudiadas se analizaron con un test de coeficientes estandarizados al 95% de intervalo de confianza y se obtuvo para la humedad 6,33 %; el pH 6,24; el porcentaje de acidez 1,17 %, la determinación del índice de semilla 1,32; la determinación del índice de mazorca 21,94; la determinación del número de almendras por mazorca 40,43; la determinación del peso de 100 almendras 136,34 y la determinación del porcentaje en testa 19,12 %. Los valores promedio de concentración de Cd +2 en las diferentes fases de post-cosecha de cacao fueron 0,89 mg.kg -1 para el mucílago, 0,73 mg.kg -1 para el fermentado y 0,95 mg.kg -1 para la almendra seca; así mismo los valores de concentración de Pb +4 fueron para el mucílago 0,38 mg.kg -1 ; para el fermentado 0,37 mg.kg -1 y para la almendra seca 0,60 mg.kg -1 . Determinándose que estos valores se ubican por encima de los estipulados por el Reglamento (CE) Nº 1881/2006. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el contenido de metales pesados Cd +2 y Pb +4 mediante espectrofotometría de emisión atómica con plasma inductivamente acoplado en almendras de cacao durante el proceso de beneficiado en la provincia de Manabí.Palabras clave ─ Cacao, metales pesados, beneficiado, normativa europea, espectrofotometría.Abstract: The presence of heavy metals especially leads (Pb +4 ) and cadmium (Cd +2 ) in crops of cocoa (Theobroma cacao l.), is a problem both for farmers and exporters of cocoa, and warehouses. Analyzed chemical variables according to criteria of cocoa almonds attribute for which a DCA with five replications was used. The studied variables were analyzed with a standardized coefficient test at 95% confidence interval and it was 6.33 % humidity; 6.24 pH; the percentage of acidity 1.17 %, seed 1.32 index definition; the determination of the index of cob 21.94; the determination of the number of almonds per ear 40.43; determination of the weight of 100 almonds 136.34 and the determination of the percentage in shell 19.12 %. The average values of concentration of Cd +2 in different phases of post-harvest of cocoa were 0.89 mg.kg -1 for mucilage, 0.73 mg.kg -1 for proofing and 0.95 mg.kg -1 for dry almond; likewise, the Pb +4 concentration values were for mucilage 0.38 mg.kg -1 ; for the fermented 0,37 mg.kg -1 and almond dry...

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Cadmium bioaccumulation and gastric bioaccessibility in cacao: A field study in areas impacted by oil activities in Ecuador

Cited by 87 publications

References 55 publications

Cadmium isotope fractionation in the soil – cacao systems of Ecuador: a pilot field study

Cadmium isotope fractionation in the soil – cacao systems of Ecuador: a pilot field study

Amendment of Husk Biochar on Accumulation and Chemical Form of Cadmium in Lettuce and Pak-Choi Grown in Contaminated Soil

Evaluación del contenido de metales pesados en almendras de cacao (Theobroma cacao L) durante el proceso de beneficiado

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