Cadmium (II)-selective electrode based on palm shell activated carbon modified with task-specific ionic liquid: kinetics and analytical applications

Abstract

In this study, palm shell activated carbon modified with task-specific ionic liquid was used as a novel electrode component for the potentiometric determination of cadmium ions in water samples. The proposed potentiometric sensor has good operating characteristics, including relatively high selectivity towards the Cd (II) ion, a Nernstian response to Cd (II) ions in a working concentration range of 1.0 9 10 -9 -1.0 9 10 -2 M, with a reasonable detection limit of 1 9 10 -10 M and a slope of 30.90 ± 1.0 mV/decade. No significant changes in electrode potential were observed when the pH was varied over the range of 4-9. A direct technique based on the use of ion-selective electrode potentiometry has been developed in our laboratory for the study of reaction kinetics and kinetic methods of analysis by continuous monitoring of the rate of production or consumption of an ion. The apparent adsorption rate constant was estimated assuming pseudo-second-order kinetics. Additionally, the proposed electrode has been successfully used for the determination of the cadmium content in real samples without a significant interaction from other cationic or anionic species.

System for mercury preconcentration in natural waters based on a polymer inclusion membrane incorporating an ionic liquid

“…We have also tested trioctylmethylammonium salicylate (TOMAS), with a similar chemical structure to TOMATS, but bearing an alcohol group instead of a thiol (SH-) group. This IL has shown to be a good extractant for some metals such as Cu(II) and Cd(II) [29], but it can also interact with Hg when incorporated in an electrode designed for the potentiometric determination of Cd(II) [30].…”

“…In the study by Zhang et al [34] using the IL tricarpylylmethylammonium 2-(methylthio)benzoate, in which the S atom is bearing a methylene group instead of the H of TOMATS, it was reported that the extraction of Hg(II) occurred via an interaction of the metal with the S atom along with the contribution of the carboxylate group. In the case of TOMAS, it is reported in [30] that the extraction of Cd(II) is based on the chelating effect of the carboxylate group in addition to the formation of metal hydroxylates that forms a coordinate interaction between TOMAS and the metal ion.…”

Determination of Heavy Metal Ions and Organic Pollutants in Water Samples Using Ionic Liquids and Ionic Liquid-Modified Sorbents

“…These techniques provide sensitive and accurate results at low concentration of analytes because of the complexity, high capital and operational costs, and time consumability of the systems [93]. On the other hand, they have several disadvantages, such as the requirement of expensive apparatus, complicated operation, high operation cost of operation and maintenance, and the requirement of well-controlled experimental conditions [94, 95].…”

“…Activated carbon, carbon nanotubes (CNT), and graphene are three of the most important carbon-based materials with a large specific surface area, and they provide high efficiency to extract various metal ions. Ismaiel et al [95] developed an IL-modified activated carbon as an electrode component. The IL-modified sorbent was prepared by mixing the measured palm shell-activated carbon (PSAC) powder and TOMAS.…”

Dry Separation of Palm Kernel and Palm Shell Using a Novel Five-Stage Winnowing Column System

“…The nut is usually collected after the removal of the mesocarp fiber, and the kernel inside the nut is separated from the nut's shell for subsequent oil extraction [8,9]. The shell can be utilized as fuel, used in the production of activated carbon for waste water treatment, and used in analytical applications [10][11][12]. The production of palm kernel starts with the cracking of palm nuts using a palm nutcracker to produce a cracked mixture of palm kernel and palm shell [13].…”