“…Harmful substances can affect bone tissue, both directly and indirectly. Therefore, cadmium, in particular, inhibits the formation of a hormonally active form of vitamin D3 (calcitriol) in proximal renal tubules, which leads to a decrease in the calcium absorption from the digestive tract [3,4]. Lead is accumulated in bone tissue, replacing calcium and thereby decreasing bone mineral density (BMD) [5].…”