Caecum location in laboratory rats and mice: an anatomical and radiological study

23 An effective and pain-free killing method is required to achieve the goal of euthanasia, a "good 24 death". Overdose of sodium pentobarbital (PB) by intraperitoneal (IP) injection is a widely 25 accepted technique, but questions remain regarding pain associated with administration. As PB 26 rapidly causes sedation and loss of consciousness, most studies have relied on indirect evidence 27 of pain. The objective of this study was to assess pain associated with IP PB using an appropriate 28 vehicle control.29 Adult male and female Sprague Dawley (SD) and female Wistar rats (N = 112) were block 30 randomised by sex and strain to receive one of four treatments: 1) 800 mg/kg PB (pH 11); 2) 800 31 mg/kg PB with 4 mg/kg lidocaine (PB+lido); 3) saline or 4) vehicle controls (pH 11 or 12.5).32 Behavior (Rat Grimace Scale [RGS], writhing, back arching) was evaluated at baseline, before 33 loss of righting reflex (PB and PB+lido groups), 80s, 151s and 10 min post-injection (PI; saline 34 and vehicle control groups).35 In the vehicle control groups, the RGS scores were increased at 151s PI (SD: p = 0.0008, 95%CI 36 -0.731 to -0.202) from baseline, as was relative frequency of writhing (SD: p < 0.00001; Wistar; 37 p = 0.0004). RGS scores remained elevated 10 mins PI (SD: p = 0.0070, 95%CI -0.768 to -0.118; 38 Wistar: p = 0.0236, 95%CI -0.907 to -0.0742) but the relative frequency of writhing did not (p > 39 0.05). The RGS scores and the relative frequency of writhing remained low in the PB, PB+lido 40 and saline groups (p > 0.05). Back arching increased from baseline in the PB+lido group before 41 loss of righting reflex and in the vehicle control group (SD rats) at 151s PI (p < 0.05).42 These results show that IP PB results in signs associated with pain. The sedative effects of PB 43 limit behavioral assessment.

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“…Unfortunately, it appears that misinjections are always possible, in part due to the variable location of the cecum. [6, 14, 15, 21]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This dose was selected from previous work demonstrating benefits in terms of a faster death and reduced variability of effects. [6, 14, 15, 21]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital is associated with pain in rats

Reimer

Schuster

Knight

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Secara umum, jumlah BAL pada isi sekum lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada feses akhir intervensi (Tabel 2). Hal ini karena sekum merupakan bagian awal kolon yang menjadi tempat fermentasi serat oleh mikroba (Uysal et al, 2017).…”

Section: Jumlah Bal Pada Feses Dan Isi Sekum Mencitunclassified

Bekatul Beras Hitam Terfermentasi Memperbaiki Kondisi Kolon Mencit yang Diinduksi Senyawa Karsinogen Azoxymethane

Putri

Budijanto

Prangdimurti

et al. 2023

J. Teknol Industri Pangan

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Worldwide, colon cancer has become the fourth cause of death in terms of cancer. A high fiber and antioxidants diet help promote a healthy diet and prevent colon cancer. Black rice bran has high content both in fiber and phenolic. The aim of this research was to observe the potential of fermented black rice bran in improving colon conditions profiles of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced mice, comprising lactic acid bacteria (LAB) colony count, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentration, and malondialdehyde (MDA). Rhizopus oligosporus was used for fermenting the black rice bran. Five weeks old male Balb/c mice were divided into four groups (n=6) based on their diets. AOM was injected intraperitoneally and Dextran Sodium Sulphate was added to their drinking water, thus initiating inflammation in the colon. The number of LAB in faeces at the end of intervention in the groups of fermented rice bran group (FRB) (9.04±0.04 log CFU) and non-fermented rice bran group (NRB) (8.99±0.04 log CFU) were higher than that of the positive control group (8.33±0.06 log CFU/g) but fewer as compared to the negative control (9.63±0.05 log CFU). The concentrations of SCFAs (acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid) of the cecum content in the NRB group (11.92±0.00, 2.31±0.01 and 3.41±0.01 mM) were higher in the positive control group (8.90±1.30, 1.60±0.16 and 2.27±0.31 mM). As compared to the positive control group, the concentration of propionic acid of cecum content in the FRB group was higher (2.09±0.32 mM), but the concentrations of acetic acid and butyric acid were indifferent. The MDA level of the FRB group (1.41±0.03 µmol) was lower thanthat of the NRB group (1.88±0.05 µmol), and the MDA level of NRB was lower than that of the positive control group (2.03±0.09 µmol). The results showed that both FRB and NRB had a positive role in increasing the number of LAB, ALRP concentrations, and decreasing MDA levels in AOM-induced mice colons.

show abstract

“…Our study also showed that rats receiving a misinjection of PB take longer to achieve LORR. Unfortunately, it appears that misinjections are always possible, in part due to the variable location of the cecum [7,18,19,29,30].…”

Section: Rgsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study only used one dose of PB. This dose was selected from previous work demonstrating benefits in terms of a faster death and reduced variability of effects [ 7 , 18 , 19 , 29 ]. The occurrence of misinjections appears to be an inherent drawback of IP injections, leading to the ongoing search for alternative injectable euthanasia methods [ 31 – 33 ].…”

Section: Limitations and Future Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital has the potential to elicit pain in adult rats (Rattus norvegicus)

et al. 2020

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An effective and pain-free killing method is required to achieve the goal of euthanasia, a "good death". Overdose of sodium pentobarbital (PB) by intraperitoneal (IP) injection is a widely accepted technique in laboratory rats, but questions remain regarding pain associated with administration. As PB rapidly causes sedation and loss of consciousness, most studies have relied on indirect evidence of pain. The objective of this study was to assess pain associated with IP PB using an appropriate vehicle control. Adult male and female Sprague Dawley (SD) and female Wistar rats (N = 84) were block randomised by sex and strain to receive one of three treatments: 1) 800 mg/kg PB (pH 11), 2) saline or 3) vehicle controls (pH 11 or 12.5). Behavior (Rat Grimace Scale (RGS), writhing, back arching) was evaluated at baseline, before loss of righting reflex (LORR, PB group), and at 80s, 151s and 10 min post-injection (PI; saline and vehicle control groups). In the PB group, mean time to LORR was 78 ± 7.9 seconds. In the vehicle control groups, RGS scores were increased at 151s PI (SD: p = 0.0002, 95%CI 0.73 to 0.20) from baseline, as was relative frequency of writhing (SD: p < 0.0001; Wistar; p = 0.0004). RGS scores remained elevated 10 mins PI (SD: p = 0.0005, 95%CI 0.71 to 0.18; Wistar: p = 0.0234, 95%CI 0.91 to 0.07) but the relative frequency of writhing did not (p > 0.999). The RGS scores and the relative frequency of writhing remained low in the PB and saline groups (p > 0.05). These results show that, vehicle controls for IP PB result in signs associated with pain, pain may not be experienced following IP PB when LORR occurs quickly, and that the effects of PB limit behavioral pain assessments.

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Caecum location in laboratory rats and mice: an anatomical and radiological study

Cited by 7 publications

References 19 publications

Intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital is associated with pain in rats

Intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital is associated with pain in rats

Bekatul Beras Hitam Terfermentasi Memperbaiki Kondisi Kolon Mencit yang Diinduksi Senyawa Karsinogen Azoxymethane

Intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital has the potential to elicit pain in adult rats (Rattus norvegicus)

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