Caesarean Section Birth Produces Long Term Changes in Dopamine D1 Receptors and in Stress-induced Regulation of D3 and D4 Receptors in the Rat Brain

El-Khodor, Bassem F.; Boksa, Patricia

doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(01)00228-7

Cited by 47 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…21 Furthermore, caesarean section in rats produces long-term changes in brain dopamine receptors and receptor regulation. 22 The neuropeptide CRF is released from hippocampal interneurons by environmental signals (including stress) and is secreted into the hypophyseal portal system. During pregnancy, CRF is produced from the placenta as well and is known to modulate cytokine release.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mode of delivery is associated with maternal and fetal endocrine stress response

Vogl¹,

Worda²,

Egarter³

et al. 2006

BJOG

174

122

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Objective To determine whether mode of delivery is associated with the endocrine stress response in mother and child.Design Prospective observational study.Setting Tertiary care centre, University hospital.Population A total of 103 nulliparous women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies at term undergoing either spontaneous labour for vaginal delivery or delivering by caesarean section without labour. Thirty women delivered vaginally without any pain relief, 21 women delivered vaginally with epidural anaesthesia, 23 women had ventouse extraction and 29 women underwent caesarean section with epidural analgesia.Methods After delivery, maternal and umbilical cord blood was collected for determination of different stress-associated hormones.Main outcome measures Concentrations of epinephrine (EP), norepinephrine (NOR), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol (CORT), prolactin (PRL), corticotropin-releasing factor and beta-endorphin (BE).Results Caesarean section was associated with significantly lower maternal concentrations of EP, NOR, ACTH, CORT, PRL and BE and lower newborn levels of EP, NOR and CORT compared with all other modes of delivery. Concentrations of EP, ACTH and BE differed significantly in newborns delivered by normal vaginal delivery, vaginal delivery with epidural anaesthesia and ventouse extraction.Conclusions The mode of delivery and analgesia used during birth are associated with maternal and fetal endocrine stress responses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mode of delivery is associated with maternal and fetal endocrine stress response

Vogl¹,

Worda²,

Egarter³

et al. 2006

BJOG

174

122

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…One model that has been used in order to attempt to re-capitulate respiratory alterations and very low grade CNS hypoxia during the first 24 h is Cesarean-section (C-section) (El-Khodor and Boksa, 2001), which, as noted above has been associated previously with schizophrenia (Cannon et al, 2002a). Offspring of dams born via C-section evidenced increased behavioral sensitivity to acute amphetamine (El-Khodor and Boksa, 1998; Vaillancourt and Boksa, 1998) and stress (El-Khodor and Boksa, 2000), and sensorimotor deficits were observed in guinea pigs from pregnancies with experimental C-section (Vaillancourt and Boksa, 2000).…”

Section: Risk Factor Studies Of Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

The environment and susceptibility to schizophrenia

Brown

2011

Progress in Neurobiology

577

411

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In the present article the putative role of environmental factors in schizophrenia is reviewed and synthesized. Accumulating evidence from recent studies suggests that environmental exposures may play a more significant role in the etiopathogenesis of this disorder than previously thought. This expanding knowledge base is largely a consequence of refinements in the methodology of epidemiologic studies, including birth cohort investigations, and in preclinical research that has been inspired by the evolving literature on animal models of environmental exposures. This paper is divided into four sections. In the first, the descriptive epidemiology of schizophrenia is reviewed. This includes general studies on incidence, prevalence, and differences in these measures by urban–rural, neighborhood, migrant, and season of birth status, as well as time trends. In the second section, we discuss the contribution of environmental risk factors acting during fetal and perinatal life; these include infections [e.g. rubella, influenza, Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)], nutritional deficiencies (e.g., famine, folic acid, iron, vitamin D), paternal age, fetal/neonatal hypoxic and other obstetric insults and complications, maternal stress and other exposures [e.g. lead, rhesus (Rh) incompatibility, maternal stress]. Other putative neurodevelopmental determinants, including cannabis, socioeconomic status, trauma, and infections during childhood and adolescence are also covered. In the third section, these findings are synthesized and their implications for prevention and uncovering biological mechanisms, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation, are discussed. Animal models, including maternal immune activation, have yielded evidence suggesting that these exposures cause brain and behavioral phenotypes that are analogous to findings observed in patients with schizophrenia. In the final section, future studies including new, larger, and more rigorous epidemiologic investigations, and research on translational and clinical neuroscience, gene–environment interactions, epigenetics, developmental trajectories and windows of vulnerability, are elaborated upon. These studies are aimed at confirming observed risk factors, identifying new environmental exposures, elucidating developmental mechanisms, and shedding further light on genes and exposures that may not be identified in the absence of these integrated approaches. The study of environmental factors in schizophrenia may have important implications for the identification of causes and prevention of this disorder, and offers the potential to complement, and refine, existing efforts on explanatory neurodevelopmental models.

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“…Although there is no consensus about which rodent-model best describes early human-brain insults, among the diversity of hypoxia/ ischemia paradigms available in rats, several reasons made us choose the 'neonatal asphyxia' model. In first place, it is a non-invasive procedure, second, it eliminates the bias associated with caesarean section (El-Khodor and Boksa 1997Boksa , 1998Boksa , 2001, and finally, this method allows the offspring to be reared by their natural lactating dam, thus avoiding fostering procedures. One obvious feature in this model is that anoxic insults are delivered to independently breathing animals, while hypoxia experienced by a human foetus is dependent on maternal blood supply.…”

Section: Neonatal Asphyxiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Age Windows for Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders: Evidence from Animal Models

2010

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A disruption in normal brain development has been hypothesized to contribute to the aetiology of major psychiatric disorders. According to the 'double-hit' hypothesis, mutant genes-based deviations, associated with specific environmental insults during brain development, may result in neurobehavioural disturbances. The existence of age windows of vulnerability to environmental conditions during brain maturation will be discussed, using as examples a series of studies we have performed during the last years. Major deviations from normative neurobehavioural trajectories have been reported in animal models following exposure to severe stress (either episodes of maternal separation, deprivation or corticosterone supplementation) early in infancy. Rodent models of difficult and/or stressful pregnancies, including obstetric complications (e.g. prenatal restrain stress or neonatal hypoxia) and gestational exposure to infection (e.g prenatal immune challenge), have been associated with profound long-lasting deficits in the offspring's emotional and social behaviour, and with immune and endocrine changes. More recently, adolescence, characterized by elevated rates of brain plasticity, has emerged as an additional period during which sensitivity to environmental influence (either adverse or stimulatory) is maximal. We have reported that both pharmacological (methylphenidate) and environmental (physical or social enrichment) interventions can be used to counteract the detrimental effects of earlier-origin developmental insults. Present findings indicate that these age periods (i.e. prenatal stage, early infancy and adolescence) do represent critical windows open to plastic changes and might be susceptible to both adverse and supportive shaping environmental forces. Taken together, age-related neuroplasticity might be considered not only as a risk factor for psychopathology but also as a potent mechanism for compensation. A better understanding of these critical periods of brain development is a concern for public health and may provide new insights into prevention strategies and into novel therapeutic approaches in neuropsychiatry.

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Caesarean Section Birth Produces Long Term Changes in Dopamine D1 Receptors and in Stress-induced Regulation of D3 and D4 Receptors in the Rat Brain

Cited by 47 publications

References 91 publications

Mode of delivery is associated with maternal and fetal endocrine stress response

Mode of delivery is associated with maternal and fetal endocrine stress response

The environment and susceptibility to schizophrenia

Critical Age Windows for Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders: Evidence from Animal Models

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