“…Indeed, preclinical studies with A 2A R antagonist effect on cognition in normal and MPTP-treated non-human primates (NHP) provide the experimental evidence that A 2A R antagonists including caffeine can improve cognitive impairments in PD models (Chen et al, 2013;Chen, 2014). Recent preclinical studies in rodents and non-human primates demonstrated that A 2A R antagonists not only enhance working memory (Zhou et al, 2009), reversal learning (Wei et al, 2011), set-shifting (Mingote et al, 2008), goal-directed behavior (Li et al, 2016), and Pavlovian conditioning (Wei et al, 2014) in normal animals, but also reverse working memory impairments in animal models of PD (Ko et al, 2016) and Huntington's disease (Li et al, 2015), traumatic brain injury (Ning et al, 2013(Ning et al, , 2015(Ning et al, , 2019 as well as Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Dall'Igna et al, 2007;Cunha and Agostinho, 2010;Laurent et al, 2014;Faivre et al, 2018). Furthermore, we recently demonstrated a pro-cognitive effect in normal as well as MPTP-treated Cynomolgus monkeys (Li et al, 2018b).…”