Caffeine increases both total work performed above critical power and peripheral fatigue during a 4-km cycling time trial

Felippe, Leandro C; Ferreira, Guilherme Assunção; Alves, Sara Kely Learsi da Silva Santos; Coelho, Daniel Boari; Bertuzzi, Rômulo Cássio de Moraes; Lima‐Silva, Adriano Eduardo

doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00930.2017

Cited by 52 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…However, the change in EMGRMS was much larger than the change in CP. Although the mechanisms for this effect remain to be defined, this observation is in agreement, with Felippe et al (2018). Specifically, these authors reported that, compared to placebo, caffeine ingestion increased mean power output by ~4%…”

Section: Neuromuscular Functionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Acetaminophen ingestion improves muscle activation and performance during a 3-min all-out cycling test

Morgan

Vanhatalo

Bowtell

et al. 2019

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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Acute acetaminophen (ACT) ingestion has been shown to enhance cycling time-trial performance. The purpose of this study was to assess whether ACT ingestion enhances muscle activation and critical power (CP) during maximal cycling exercise. Sixteen active male participants completed two 3-min all-out tests against a fixed resistance on an electronically braked cycle ergometer 60 min after ingestion of 1 g of ACT or placebo (maltodextrin, PL). CP was estimated as the mean power output over the final 30 s of the test and W′ (the curvature constant of the power–duration relationship) was estimated as the work done above CP. The femoral nerve was stimulated every 30 s to measure membrane excitability (M-wave) and surface electromyography (EMGRMS) was recorded continuously to infer muscle activation. Compared with PL, ACT ingestion increased CP (ACT: 297 ± 32 W vs. PL: 288 ± 31 W, P < 0.001) and total work done (ACT: 66.4 ± 6.5 kJ vs. PL: 65.4 ± 6.4 kJ, P = 0.03) without impacting W′ (ACT: 13.1 ± 2.9 kJ vs. PL: 13.6 ± 2.4 kJ, P = 0.19) or the M-wave amplitude (P = 0.66) during the 3-min all-out cycling test. Normalised EMGRMS amplitude declined throughout the 3-min protocol in both PL and ACT conditions; however, the decline in EMGRMS amplitude was attenuated in the ACT condition, such that the EMGRMS amplitude was greater in ACT compared with PL over the last 60 s of the test (P = 0.04). These findings indicate that acute ACT ingestion might increase performance and CP during maximal cycling exercise by enhancing muscle activation.

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Section: Neuromuscular Functionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Acetaminophen ingestion improves muscle activation and performance during a 3-min all-out cycling test

Morgan

Vanhatalo

Bowtell

et al. 2019

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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“…In the present study, caffeine ingestion (5 mg·kg −1 ) improved exercise performance by ∼2%, when compared to both placebo and acetaminophen. These findings are consistent with several other studies showing a positive effect of caffeine compared to placebo (2-2.4%) on performance in a 4-km cycling TT [26,38,39]. However, the comparison between the ergogenicity of caffeine and acetaminophen had not been investigated; therefore, our findings suggest that caffeine has a greater ergogenic potential than acetaminophen, at least during a high-intensity cycling TT as used in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…It is predictable therefore that caffeine ought to increase muscle recruitment. However, data from the literature are contradictory, with some studies showing an increased muscle recruitment with caffeine during a 4-km cycling TT [26] and lower reduction in voluntary activation of the vastus lateralis during intermittent isometric knee extension contractions [44], while others failed to find any effect of caffeine on motor unit recruitment [38,45,46]. These contradictory findings may be because caffeine can also influence spinal excitability and the muscle contractile apparatus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caffeine but not acetaminophen increases 4-km cycling time-trial performance

Lima‐Silva

Tomazini

Mariano

et al. 2019

Preprint

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27Acetaminophen has been combined with caffeine for therapeutic purpose, but the effect 28 of co-ingestion of acetaminophen and caffeine on exercise performance has not been 29 investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of isolated and combined 30 ingestion of caffeine and acetaminophen on performance during a 4-km cycling time-trial. In a 31 double-blind, crossover design, eleven men, accustomed to cycling recreationally, completed a 32 4-km cycling time-trial one hour after the ingestion of cellulose (PLA), acetaminophen (20 33 mg . kg -1 body mass, ACT), caffeine (5 mg . kg -1 body mass, CAF) or combined acetaminophen 34 and caffeine (20 and 5 mg . kg -1 body mass, respectively, ACTCAF). The perception of pain and 35 rating of perceived exertion were recorded every 1-km, and electromyography and oxygen 36 uptake were continually recorded and averaged each 1-km. Plasma lactate concentration was 37 measured before and immediately after the trial. The time and mean power during the 4-km 38 cycling time-trial was significantly improved (P < 0.05) in CAF (407.9 ± 24.5 s, 241.4 ± 16.1 39 W) compared to PLA (416.1 ± 34.1 s, 234.1 ± 19.2 W) and ACT (416.2 ± 26.6 s, 235.8 ± 19.7 40 W). However, there was no difference between ACTCAF (411.6 ± 27.7 s, 238.7 ± 18.7 W) and 41 the other conditions (P > 0.05). The perception of pain, rating of perceived exertion, 42 electromyography, oxygen uptake, and plasma lactate were similar across the conditions (P > 43 0.05). In conclusion, caffeine but not acetaminophen increases power output ultimately 44 increasing performance during a 4-km cycling time-trial. 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 3 54 Introduction 55 56During a self-paced, high-intensity cycling time-trial (e.g., 4-km cycling TT), the 57 exercise intensity must be strictly regulated to avoid an exacerbated early accumulation of 58 metabolites that can lead to fatigue [1][2][3]. A disturbance in the intramuscular metabolic milieu 59 (i.e., accumulation of the H + , ADP, AMP and Pi) at the beginning of a high-intensity cycling 60 TT, provoked by increased muscle recruitment (as inferred from electromyography signals, 61 EMG) ultimately increasing power output (PO) [2,3], will activate peripheral sensory nerve 62 terminals [4,5]. These increased afferent signals might result in increased perception of pain 63 [6], leading to a reduction in PO [2,3]. 64 65Acetaminophen (commonly known as paracetamol) has recently been introduced as a 66 potential pharmacological agent to increase exercise performance due to its analgesic 67 proprieties [7-9]. The mechanism by which acetaminophen reliefs pain feelings in humans is 68 not fully known, but it has been attributed to the inhibition of the cyclooxygenase enzymes [10-69 13], potentiation of descending serotoninergic pathways [14,15], and modulation of opioid and 70 cannabinoid CB 1 receptors [11,16]. Although there is not a consensus [17,18], several studies 71 have reported improved performance during high-intensity exercises after a single clinical dose 72(1-1.5 ...

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“…According to the funnel plots (Figs. 6 and 7) only one study [62] produced an estimate of effect size outside the calculated confidence intervals which suggests a low risk of publication bias across all studies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Correction to: The Effect of Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2018

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Introduction Caffeine is a widely used ergogenic aid with most research suggesting it confers the greatest effects during endurance activities. Despite the growing body of literature around the use of caffeine as an ergogenic aid, there are few recent meta-analyses which quantitatively assess the effect of caffeine on endurance exercise. Objectives To summarise studies which have investigated the ergogenic effects of caffeine on endurance time-trial performance and to quantitatively analyse the results of these studies to gain a better understanding of the magnitude of caffeine's ergogenic effect on endurance time-trial performance. Methods A systematic review was carried out on randomised placebo-controlled studies investigating the effects of caffeine on endurance performance and a meta-analysis was conducted to determine the ergogenic effect of caffeine on endurance time-trial performance. Results 44 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Caffeine has a small but evident effect on endurance performance when taken in moderate doses (3-6 mg·kg −1 ) as well as an overall improvement following caffeine compared to placebo in mean power output (2.92 ± 2.18%; Effect Size = 0.22 ± 0.15) and time-trial completion time (2.26 ± 2.60%; Effect Size = 0.28 ± 0.12). However, differences in responses to caffeine ingestion have been shown, with two studies reporting slower time-trial performance while five studies reported lower mean power output during the timetrial. Caffeine can be used effectively as an ergogenic aid when taken in moderate doses, such as during sports when a small increase in endurance performance can lead to significant differences in placements as athletes are often separated by small margins.

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Caffeine increases both total work performed above critical power and peripheral fatigue during a 4-km cycling time trial

Cited by 52 publications

References 68 publications

Acetaminophen ingestion improves muscle activation and performance during a 3-min all-out cycling test

Acetaminophen ingestion improves muscle activation and performance during a 3-min all-out cycling test

Caffeine but not acetaminophen increases 4-km cycling time-trial performance

Correction to: The Effect of Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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