Calcium/Ca(AlCl4)2-thionyl chloride (TC) cell. Effect of temperature and cell parameters on performance

Peled, E.; Elster, E.; Tulman, R.; Kimel, J.D.

doi:10.1016/0378-7753(85)88017-4

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…10% of their capacity after only 2 weeks of storage. 28 The strategy to avoid corrosion and self-discharge was to use different additives such as Ca(AlCl 4 ) 2 formed by reacting Ca with AlCl 3 , 21 Sr(AlCl 4 ) 2 , or Ba(AlCl 4 ) 2 , changing the composition of the passivation layer. 29 Furthermore, corrosion of the stainless steel can material was also observed and attributed to reactivity with calcium metal, in analogy with lithium metal systems.…”

Section: Historical Perspective (−2015): a Myriad Of Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further studies by Peled et al attributed this feature to the formation of a passivation layer consisting mainly of CaCl 2 impermeable to the Ca 2+ ions. − A similar technology with a somewhat higher operation cell potential was also developed, , but corrosion of the Ca metal electrodes was found to be an issue; the Ca–SOCl 2 cells lost ca. 10% of their capacity after only 2 weeks of storage . The strategy to avoid corrosion and self-discharge was to use different additives such as Ca(AlCl 4 ) 2 formed by reacting Ca with AlCl 3 , Sr(AlCl 4 ) 2 , or Ba(AlCl 4 ) 2 , changing the composition of the passivation layer .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Achievements, Challenges, and Prospects of Calcium Batteries

et al. 2019

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This Review flows from past attempts to develop a (rechargeable) battery technology based on Ca via crucial breakthroughs to arrive at a comprehensive discussion of the current challenges at hand. The realization of a rechargeable Ca battery technology primarily requires identification and development of suitable electrodes and electrolytes, which is why we here cover the progress starting from the fundamental electrode/electrolyte requirements, concepts, materials, and compositions employed and finally a critical analysis of the state-of-theart, allowing us to conclude with the particular roadblocks still existing. As for crucial breakthroughs, reversible plating and stripping of calcium at the metal-anode interface was achieved only recently and for very specific electrolyte formulations. Therefore, while much of the current research aims at finding suitable cathodes to achieve proof-of-concept for a full Ca battery, the spectrum of electrolytes researched is also expanded. Compatibility of cell components is essential, and to ensure this, proper characterization is needed, which requires design of a multitude of reliable experimental setups and sometimes methodology development beyond that of other next generation battery technologies. Finally, we conclude with recommendations for future strategies to make best use of the current advances in materials science combined with computational design, electrochemistry, and battery engineering, all to propel the Ca battery technology to reality and ultimately reach its full potential for energy storage.

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Section: Historical Perspective (−2015): a Myriad Of Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Achievements, Challenges, and Prospects of Calcium Batteries

et al. 2019

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“…Additional studies examined effects of SO2 gas additive, which further increased ionic conductivity. [39][40][41][42] For example, adding 10% (v/v) SO2 to 1.3 M Ca(AlCl4)2/SOCl2 led to an increase from ~6 to ~11 mS/cm at 25°C. [39] SO2 was also found to increase capacity, though this was proposed to be a physical rather than chemical effect resulting largely from physical release of SO2 at the cathode during discharge, increasing porosity and postponing cathode passivation.…”

Section: Early Understanding Of Ca Anodes and Ca 2+ Solvation In Primmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[39][40][41][42] For example, adding 10% (v/v) SO2 to 1.3 M Ca(AlCl4)2/SOCl2 led to an increase from ~6 to ~11 mS/cm at 25°C. [39] SO2 was also found to increase capacity, though this was proposed to be a physical rather than chemical effect resulting largely from physical release of SO2 at the cathode during discharge, increasing porosity and postponing cathode passivation. [40,43] The reasons underlying improvements in ionic conductivity were not well understood until fundamental studies were conducted into Ca 2+ solvation in the analogous Ca-sulfuryl chloride (SO2Cl2) system.…”

Section: Early Understanding Of Ca Anodes and Ca 2+ Solvation In Primmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Understanding of Nonaqueous Electrolytes for Calcium‐Based Batteries

Melemed

Khurram

Gallant

2020

Batteries & Supercaps

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Calcium metal batteries are receiving growing research attention due to significant breakthroughs in recent years that have indicated reversible Ca plating/stripping with attractive Coulombic efficiencies (90-95%), once thought to be out of reach. While the Ca anode is often described as being surface filmcontrolled, the ability to access reversible Ca electrochemistry is highly electrolyte-dependent in general, which affects both interfacial chemistry on plated Ca along with more fundamental Ca 2+ /Ca redox properties. This mini-review describes recent progress towards a reversible Ca anode from the point of view of the most successful electrolyte chemistries identified to date. This includes, centrally, what is currently known about the Ca 2+ solvation environment in these systems. Experimental (physico-chemical and spectroscopy) and computational results are summarized for the two major solvent classescarbonates and ethers-that have yielded promising results so far. Current knowledge gaps and opportunities to improve fundamental understanding of Ca 2+ /Ca redox are also identified.

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“…One may improve electrolyte conductivity by varying salt concentration or by adding conductive cosolvents. Peled et al (10) recently reported 40-50% improvement in conductivity of Ca(A1C14)s-SOC12 electrolyte following addition of 10% (v/v) sulfur dioxide. We, therefore, decided to follow Peled's example and study the addition of anhydrous (less than 100 ppm moisture) SO2 to Ca(A1C14)s-SOCls electrolytes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cathode Performance Improvement in Calcium‐Thionyl Chloride Cells

Walker

Wade

Binder

et al. 1986

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Carbon cathode performance in ealcium-thionyl chloride cells was markedly improved with a cathode comprised of a mixture of high and low surface area carbon blacks. Addition of sulfur dioxide gas to the electrolyte further enhanced cathode performance and electrolyte conductivity. Load potentials and cathode life were nearly equal to that of the analogous lithium based system. The advantage of the calcium based system is its potential for greater safety.The calcium-thionyl chloride battery system has been attracting considerable attention (1-6) for its high opencircuit potentials (->3.2V), high theoretical energy density (1100 Wh/kg), broad operating temperature range~ and projected high degree of system safety. This increased safety is due to the high melting point of calcium metal (839 ~ vs. 180~ for lithium) which precludes the likelihood of difficulties traceable to a molten anode.

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Calcium/Ca(AlCl4)2-thionyl chloride (TC) cell. Effect of temperature and cell parameters on performance

Cited by 9 publications

References 7 publications

Achievements, Challenges, and Prospects of Calcium Batteries

Achievements, Challenges, and Prospects of Calcium Batteries

Current Understanding of Nonaqueous Electrolytes for Calcium‐Based Batteries

Cathode Performance Improvement in Calcium‐Thionyl Chloride Cells

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