Calcium quantity in carotid plaques: detection in panoramic radiographs and association with degree of stenosis

Atherosclerotic Calcification Detection: A Comparative Study of Carotid Ultrasound and Cone Beam CT

“…In contrast, the same method failed to detect carotid calcification below a volume of 8 mm 3 with reliable accuracy. In addition, our findings did not show any statistical difference in the presence of calcification between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, in keeping with our previous findings [ 9 ].…”

“…Recently, computed tomography (CT) has become the modality of choice in assessing arterial wall calcification. Even calcification volumes of 1 mm 3 can be detected and quantified by cone beam CT (CBCT) [ 9 ]. However, any CT investigation carries the risk of significant radiation, as well as limited availability.…”

Carotid calcification in panoramic radiographs: radiographic appearance and the degree of carotid stenosis

“…Calcifications within atherosclerotic lesions, independent of size, are commonly found in adults of 40 years of age and older, 4 although there seems to be no correlation between the degree of calcification and extent of stenosis. 5,6 Carotid artery calcification (CAC) identified in panoramic radiographs (PRs) have a prevalence of 3-15% in the general adult population, with 99% of extirpated carotid plaques found to be calcified. [7][8][9][10][11] CAC detection in PRs have a positive-predictive value (PPV) of 7% for the detection of SCS for those individuals in the general adult population (in dental care) eligible for asymptomatic carotid endarterectomy (i.e.…”

Carotid calcifications on panoramic radiographs: a 5-year follow-up study

“…1,6,7 Seventy-five percent of carotid stenoses !50% can be detected in panoramic radiographs as CALPANs, regardless of the size of the calcification in the carotid plaque. 8,9 "Vascular events" is a summarizing term for cerebrovascular disease (stroke, transient ischemic attack [TIA]), cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, new-onset angina, new-onset heart failure), new-onset symptomatic peripheral artery disease, arterial revascularization, and vascular death. Medical prevention of vascular events can be classified as being primary prevention for people without previous vascular events and secondary prevention for people who have had one or more vascular events.…”