Calcium Requirement of Ducklings

Dean, W. F.; Scott, M. L.; Young, Robert J.; Ash, William J.

doi:10.3382/ps.0461496

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…There was a tendency for the bone ash content to be increased with the increases in the dietary calcium level over the range studied. The same phenomenon was also observed in chicks (Edwards et al, 1963;Mehring and Titus, 1964) and Pekin ducklings (Dean et al, 1967).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

“…In other words, the daily requirements were .29 g and .36 g, respectively, agreeing with the findings of Miller and Joukovsky (1953), White-Stevens et al (1960), Formica et al (1962), and Edwards et al (1963) that the calcium requirement for maximum tibia ash content was higher than that for growth in chick. In studies with White Pekin ducklings, Dean et al (1967) noted that the optimal calcium level for maximum weight gain, feed utilization, and normal bone ash values was obtained when the ration contained .56% calcium, which was similar to the value obtained in this experiment for obtaining optimal tibia ash in mule ducklings.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

“…So far, little attention has been paid to the calcium and phosphorus requirements of ducklings. However, Dean et al (1967) reported that the optimal calcium level of White Pekin ducklings for maximum weight gain, feed utilization, and normal bone ash values was .5% of the diet. Later, Dean (1972) again reported that the optimal total and available phosphorus levels for White Pekin ducklings were .6% and .35%, respectively.…”

Section: Introduction Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Studies on Duck Nutrition. II. Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements of Mule Ducklings

Lin

Shen

1979

Poultry Science

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Experiments were conducted to determine calcium and phosphorus requirements of mule ducklings. Two-day-old, straight-run mule ducklings were fed diets containing graded levels of calcium or phosphorus for three weeks. Weight gain, feed consumption, tibia ash content, and levels of serum calcium and phosphorus were used as criteria for the determination of the optimum dietary calcium and phosphorus levels required by the ducklings. The minimum calcium requirements were .48% and .58%, respectively, for maximum growth and optimum tibia ash content as determined by regression analysis of body weight gain and tibia ash content against calcium level in the diet. The minimum available phosphorus requirements were .26% and .34%, respectively, for maximum body weight gain and optimum tibia ash content as determined by the same method.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Introduction Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Studies on Duck Nutrition. II. Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements of Mule Ducklings

Lin

Shen

1979

Poultry Science

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“…Calcium is one mineral requirement of birds that may be in short supply in food available near acidic wetlands. Insects without a highly calcified exoskeleton, including those typically eaten by swallows, contain only 0.1-0.5% calcium by dry weight (Reichle et al 1969;MacLean 1974;Krapu and Swanson 1975;Hall and Likens 1981;Turner 1982;Sadler and Lynam 1985;Hall et al 1988;Ormerod et al 1988;Scheuhammer 1991), lower than is required for optimum growth and egg laying of birds studied to date (e.g., Dean et al 1967;Hughes and Wood-Gush 197 1 ;Fisher 1972;Scott 1973;MacLean 1974;Sparling 1990). In addition, studies indicate that calcium content of individual aquatic taxa is lowest at low pH (France 1987;Hall et al 1988;Ormerod et a1.1988;Yan et al 1989;Scheuhammer 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Tree swallow diet in relation to wetland acidity

Blancher¹,

McNicol²

1991

Can. J. Zool.

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1991. Tree swallow diet in relation to wetland acidity. Can. J. Zool. 69: 2629-2637.We examined 12 825 prey of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) northeast of Sudbury, Ontario, to observe the importance of aquatic food and the influence of wetland pH on swallow diet during the breeding season. Items of aquatic origin constituted most of the biomass in diets of both nestlings and adults. Molluscs and Ephemeroptera (mayflies), whose distributions in the study wetlands were strongly influenced by pH, were eaten by swallows, particularly nestlings. The major change in nestling diet in relation to wetland acidity was a decrease in mayflies and a corresponding increase in aquatic Diptera at wetlands of lower pH. The number of aquatic taxa eaten by nestlings was lowest at acidic wetlands. The total biomass of emerging insects captured at acidic wetlands was not lower than at wetlands of higher pH, and in fact tended to be greater. The rate at which swallows fed their young and the amount of food fed to nestlings were not related to wetland pH or other wetland characteristics. Nevertheless, the reduced availability of calcium-rich foods at acidic wetlands and the change in types of food available may play a role in the reduced reproductive success of swallows at acidic wetlands. BLANCHER, P. J., et MCNICOL, D. K. 1991. Tree swallow diet in relation to wetland acidity. Can. J. Zool. 69 : 2629-2637.Nous avons examink 12 825 proies d'Hirondelles bicolores (Tachycineta bicolor) au nord-est de Sudbury, Ontario, afin de dCterrniner l'importance des aliments aquatiques et d'Cvaluer l'influence du pH des terres humides sur le rCgime alimentaire des hirondelles au cours de la saison de reproduction. Les aliments d'origine aquatique constituent la plus grande partie de la biomasse dans le rCgime des adultes et celui des oisillons. Les mollusques et les CphCmkres, dont la rkpartition dans les terres humides CtudiCes est fortement influenckes par le pH, sont consomm6s par les hirondelles, surtout par les oisillons. L'aciditC des terres humides affecte le rCgime alimentaire des oisillons surtout parce qu'elle rCsulte en une diminution de la faune d'CphCmhes et augmente proportionnellement le nombre de diptkres aquatiques. C'est dans les terres humides les plus acides que le nombre de taxons aquatiques consornrnCs par les oisillons est le plus faible. La biomasse totale d'insectes CmergCs capturds n'est pas plus faible dans les terres humides acides que dans les terres humides de pH plus ClevC, et elle a meme tendance y etre plus forte. La frtquence d'alimentation des oisillons et la quantitC d'aliments offerts ne sont reliCs ni au pH, ni aux autres caractdristiques des terres humides. Cependant, la disponibilitk plus faible d'aliments riches en calcium dans les terres humides acides et le changement de type d'aliments offerts aux oisillons sont probablement en partie responsables du succks reproducteur plus faible des hirondelles dans les terres humides acides.[Traduit par la redaction]

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“…Calcium concentrations in insects (460-5,700 pg/g) were well below the concentration of Ca in turkey starter feed (15,100 pg/g) [30] and reducedcalcium Pigeon Chow@ (Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, MO) (6,000 pg/g) [31], and even below the minimum amount of dietary Ca (5,000 ppm) considered necessary for hatchling ducks [52]. Phosphorus was slightly low compared to turkey starter feed (4,800-15,000 vs. 13,500 pg/g) [30].…”

Section: 3-14)mentioning

confidence: 84%

Effects of Acidification on Metal Accumulation by Aquatic Plants and Invertebrates. 1. Constructed Wetlands

Albers¹,

Camardese²

1993

Environ Toxicol Chem

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Compared were concentrations of Al, Cd, Ca, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, Mg, Mn, Ni, P , and Zn in water, plants, and aquatic insects of three acidified (pH -5.0) and three nonacidified (pH -6.5) constructed wetlands. Concentrations of Zn in water and bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) were higher in acidified wetlands than in nonacidified wetlands. Floating nonrooted plants contained mean concentrations of Fe, Mg, and Mn that were higher than recommended maximum levels for poultry feed. The mean concentrations of all metals in insects were below recommended maximum levels for poultry feed and below levels that cause toxic effects in wild birds. Smaller than expected increases of metal concentrations in the water of acidified wetlands were probably due to limited mobilization of metals from the sediments and insignificant changes in sedimentation of aqueous metals. Calcium was lower in acidified than in nonacidified wetland water, but the Ca content of insects and bur-reed was not lower. Low concentrations of Ca in aquatic insects from both groups of wetlands indicate that calcium-rich crustaceans and mollusks are probably important to female waterfowl and their young during the spring, when invertebrates make up the majority of the diet. Although toxic effects from metal ingestion seem to be unlikely consequences of wetland acidification, the adverse effect of low pH on the occurrence of crustaceans and mollusks could threaten egg production and development of young.

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Calcium Requirement of Ducklings

Cited by 18 publications

References 6 publications

Studies on Duck Nutrition. II. Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements of Mule Ducklings

Studies on Duck Nutrition. II. Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements of Mule Ducklings

Tree swallow diet in relation to wetland acidity

Effects of Acidification on Metal Accumulation by Aquatic Plants and Invertebrates. 1. Constructed Wetlands

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