Calculation of Tg and MFFT depression due to added coalescing agents

Toussaint, Anne; Wilde, M. De; Molenaar, F.; Mulvihill, Juliet N.

doi:10.1016/s0300-9440(96)00685-6

Cited by 26 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…(In fact, the T g of the polymer is directly related to the minimum film formation temperature, Tmff. )22–24 Therefore, the morphology of the obtained core–shell particles depends on the film properties of the emulsified particles at the analyzed reaction conditions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Core–shell Particles by Combined Semibatch Emulsion/Suspension Polymerizations

Besteti

Freire

Pinto

2011

Macro Reaction Engineering

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Core–shell polymer particles were produced by combined semibatch emulsion/suspension polymerizations, using different monomers. It is shown that the morphology of the shell depends on the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the emulsified particles and that specific areas can vary considerably (7.9 to 37 m2 · g−1), depending on reaction conditions and used monomers. Particularly, a thin film is formed around the core when the Tg of the polymer that constitutes the shell is lower than the reaction temperature, while a porous shell is formed when the Tg of the polymer material is higher than the reaction temperature. Based on the observed data, a physical model was proposed to explain the formation of core–shell particles by combination of typical suspension and emulsion polymerization recipes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Core–shell Particles by Combined Semibatch Emulsion/Suspension Polymerizations

Besteti

Freire

Pinto

2011

Macro Reaction Engineering

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“…In the first case, the latex particles had a low T g due to the presence of a co-solvent. Assuming that most of the co-solvent resides in the polymer particles, the T g of the solvent-swollen latex particles could be estimated according to the model of Toussaint et al [8]. The predicted values were below ambient temperature, even for the high T g materials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both are influenced by the same features such as coalescing agents, polymer composition, molecular weight, latex particle size, etc. Increasing the co-solvent concentration results in an approximately linear reduction of T g [ 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A fluorescence approach to investigate repartitioning of coalescing agents in acrylic polymer emulsions

et al. 2011

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Repartitioning of co-solvents between particles of latex emulsions was investigated by means of a fluorescence method based on the detection of the amount of co-solvent via the solvatochromic shift of the emission maximum of a fluorescent probe, copolymerized at a low concentration. Complete repartitioning of co-solvents between particles of latex materials with a low Tg (ca. 25 °C) occurred within minutes. For a hydrophilic latex with a Tg of 68 °C, equilibration was achieved within an hour. Repartitioning was faster for more hydrophobic co-solvents. For a hydrophobic latex of similar Tg, co-solvent repartitioning took place on the same time scale, but complete equilibration was not reached. Possibly, there is an additional slow component in the repartitioning, or the prolonged presence of co-solvent causes a structural change in the latex particles that affects the outcome of the experiment.

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“…The addition of coalescing aids is a convenient and flexible way of solving the so‐called film‐formation paradox and has been a subject of many research articles. The effects of coalescing aids have been studied by researchers in terms of partitioning in the wet stage and T g reduction, dispersion stability and viscosity, polymer interdiffusion, and film formation in general …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of coalescing aids on the latex properties and film formation of waterborne coatings

Berce

Skale²,

Razboršek

et al. 2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Coalescing aids are organic solvents that are widely used to accommodate the film formation of waterborne coatings. The influence of the volatility, hydrophilicity, and amount of coalescing aids on the properties of waterborne dispersions and the dynamics of film formation was investigated. The results show that coalescing aids increased the viscosity through particle swelling and solvation, with the effect being stronger with more hydrophilic solvents. The results obtained with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and indentation tests show that hydrophilic coalescing aids were more efficient because of the partitioning on the particle interfaces but they could temporarily decrease the water resistance. The ease of coalescence was countered by solvent retention, which complicated the dynamics of film formation. EIS was used to optimize a real‐world coating formulation and identify the pitfalls arising from the complex dynamics of film formation. The best resistance to humidity was obtained with a combination of hydrophobic and hydrophilic coalescing aids. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45142.

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Calculation of Tg and MFFT depression due to added coalescing agents

Cited by 26 publications

References 17 publications

Production of Core–shell Particles by Combined Semibatch Emulsion/Suspension Polymerizations

Production of Core–shell Particles by Combined Semibatch Emulsion/Suspension Polymerizations

A fluorescence approach to investigate repartitioning of coalescing agents in acrylic polymer emulsions

Influence of coalescing aids on the latex properties and film formation of waterborne coatings

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