Calculation of the real PCB content in environmental samples

Schulte, E.; Malisch, Rainer

doi:10.1007/bf00476229

Cited by 69 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Consequently, the total PCB concentration in human milk samples can be obtained by multiplying the sum of the three congeners by 1.64. This was already shown by Schulte and Malisch in 1984 [25] and confirmed by the latest WHO coordinated exposure study on the levels of PCB and PCDD/PCDF in human milk [8]. Figure 3 shows the median concentrations for the three predominant PCB congeners in 2032 individual human samples from western Germany analyzed between 1984 and 2003.…”

Section: Polychlorinated Biphenylssupporting

confidence: 68%

Dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls and other organohalogen compounds in human milk. Levels, correlations, trends and exposure through breastfeeding

Fürst

2006

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

129

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF), together simplified termed "dioxins", polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) and organochlorine pesticides constitute lipophilic, persistent organic pollutants that bioaccumulate in the food chain and consequently can be found in humans at considerable concentrations. During the past 30 years our institute analyzed far more than 2,000 individual human milk samples for organochlorine pesticides and PCB and over 1,000 specimens for PCDD/PCDF. The results of these analyses provide an overview and reliable basis as to contamination of human milk with these compounds, their correlations among each other, the temporal trend of exposure through breastfeeding and the predominant parameters that influence the maternal body burden. It was found that the levels of most persistent organohalogen compounds in human milk decreased significantly over the past three decades and equally did their exposure through breastfeeding. Exceptions are PBDE, which are still extensively used as flame-retardants. PBDE levels in milk samples collected in the early 2,000s are approximately 60% higher compared to specimens sampled 10 years before. Moreover, in contrast to PCB, PBDE show no significant correlation with PCDD/PCDF in human milk, which might be interpreted as an indication for another mode of human exposure.

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Section: Polychlorinated Biphenylssupporting

confidence: 68%

Dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls and other organohalogen compounds in human milk. Levels, correlations, trends and exposure through breastfeeding

Fürst

2006

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

129

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“…The sum of these three congeners accounts for about 60% of the total PCB content (12). Recent studies carried out in the former Federal Republic of Germany have also shown a gradual decrease of PCB content in human milk that is, however, only recognizable when longer periods are taken into consideration.…”

Section: Polychlorinated Biphenylsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nurturing and Breast-Feeding: Exposure to Chemicals in Breast Milk

Somogyi¹,

Beck²

1993

Environmental Health Perspectives

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All chemicals that are not normal constituents of human milk should be considered undesirable contaminants. In the present review, the following substances detected in human milk are considered: persistent organochlorine pesticides; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB); polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF); polybrominated compounds; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH); trace elements; mycotoxins; nitrate, nitrite, nitrosamines; nicotine, caffeine, ethanol; and drugs. The levels of most of these substances found in human milk were within a range that would not constitute health hazards for breast-fed infants. For many ofthese, there is a comfortable safety margin. This applies also to organochlorine pesticides and PCB, particularly since, as a result of their discontinued use, the levels of these compounds have clearly declined in recent years. On the other hand, the aflatoxin burden mediated through breast milk, at least in certain tropical countries, appears to pose a definite health hazard. Detailed reference are given on the contamination of human milk with PCDD/PCDF which has to be considered as a matter of concern from the viewpoint of preventive public health. Although the low PCDD/PCDF levels found in the adipose tissue of infants indicate that there is no appreciable health risk emanating from these substances for breast-fed infants, appropriate measures to reduce the current rate of their emission into the environment have to be taken.

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“…It is interesting to note that similar PCB distributions were also found in human milk and butter [5], soil [4], sediments [10], and water [11]. Quite differently, the concentrations of tri-to pentachlorinated biphenyls were much higher than those of the hexa-or heptachlorinated species in transformer oil, heating oil and waste oil [10].…”

Section: Distribution Of the Pcb Concentrations In Street Dustmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Because of their toxicity and chemical and physical stability in the environment [2], the production of PCBs was forbidden in the late 70's (USA) and early 80's (Europe). However, PCBs have been found to exist in biological samples and foods, including milk products, fish and eggs [3][4][5][6], and in environmental samples such as air particulate matter [7], oil [8][9][10], water [11], sediments [4,10,12], and soils [4,13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of polychlorinated biphenyls in street dust by supercritical fluid extraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Yang

Baumann

1996

Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry

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Street dust samples have been collected from highways, urban streets, a gasoline station, a pedestrian tunnel, and railway stations in some German cities. Nine polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs from tri-to heptachlorobiphenyls) were quantitatively extracted by supercritical fluid extraction with CO 2 at 200 bar and 40°C and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The highest PCB loads (sum of the nine studied PCBs) of ca. 1 to 4 µg/g have been found in the samples from motorway A60 near Mainz, while in almost all other samples PCBs could be detected at only ca. 0.1 to 1 µg/g. At three sampling sites, a winter maximum of the PCB concentrations has been found.

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Calculation of the real PCB content in environmental samples

Cited by 69 publications

References 17 publications

Dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls and other organohalogen compounds in human milk. Levels, correlations, trends and exposure through breastfeeding

Dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls and other organohalogen compounds in human milk. Levels, correlations, trends and exposure through breastfeeding

Nurturing and Breast-Feeding: Exposure to Chemicals in Breast Milk

Study of polychlorinated biphenyls in street dust by supercritical fluid extraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

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