Calibration and Characterization of Self-Powered Floating-Gate Usage Monitor With Single Electron per Second Operational Limit

Huang, Chenling; Lajnef, Nizar; Chakrabartty, Shantanu

doi:10.1109/tcsi.2009.2024976

Cited by 51 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In this section, we will examine a few of the underlying principles behind the operation of the PFG that allow it to operate as a selfpowered sensor and data logger. The physics underlying the operation of this device have been extensively reported in Huang et al (2010) and , however we will briefly reiterate three of these key principles here to give readers a basic overview. The first of these principles is the piezoelectric effect, which is the ability of a material to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, and vice versa.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Quasi-Self-Powered Piezo-Floating-Gate Sensing Technology for Continuous Monitoring of Large-Scale Bridges

Aono

Hasni

Pochettino

et al. 2019

Front. Built Environ.

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Developing a practical framework for long-term structural health monitoring (SHM) of large structures, such as a suspension bridge, poses several major challenges. The next generation of bridge SHM technology needs to continuously monitor conditions and issue early warnings prior to costly repair or catastrophic failures. Additionally, Michigan, the longest suspension bridge across anchorages in the Western Hemisphere. Associated data from the deployment are discussed, in addition to limitations, challenges, and additional considerations for widespread field deployment of the proposed SHM framework.

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Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Quasi-Self-Powered Piezo-Floating-Gate Sensing Technology for Continuous Monitoring of Large-Scale Bridges

Aono

Hasni

Pochettino

et al. 2019

Front. Built Environ.

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“…Multiple works relate to the characterization of FGTs. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Some research led to the fabrication of custom FGTs, [16][17][18][19][20][21] while others validated the developed theoretical models using computer aided design (CAD) tools. [25,26] On the other hand, some researchers characterized FGTs in standard 0.5 and 0.8 µm CMOS processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[25,26] On the other hand, some researchers characterized FGTs in standard 0.5 and 0.8 µm CMOS processes. [22,23] Meanwhile, other research started with a verified CAD model which was then utilized to fabricate an FGT in a standard 180 nm CMOS process. [10,27] The reported effective voltage range for charge tunneling in MOSFETs with 20 and 7 nm dielectric is between 1.2 and 5 V for transistors fabricated with 0.25 and 0.18 µm CMOS processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Memristive Cell with Long Retention Time in 65 nm CMOS Technology

Assaf

Savaria

Ali

et al. 2023

Adv Elect Materials

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of programmable devices are retention time, conductanceoperating voltage range, device dimensions, and robustness. [3] The memristor, which is considered the fourth circuit element, [4] is a good example of a programmable resistor. [5,6] Along with other resistive devices, memristors have been integrated into several domains such as: a) computing including in-memory computing, near-memory computing, and resistive computing with crossbar arrays, b) data storage including both passive and active types corresponding to long-term and short-term data retention times, respectively, and c) other domains such as logic-gate realizations and radio-frequency switches.However, due to challenges faced with memristor fabrication, these nano-devices are often replaced by emulating circuits fabricated using a standard CMOS process. [7] Although many memristor emulators have circuit responses close to that of the actual device, they still lack the potential to trap charges for long periods of time, a problem that is commonly solved using charge traps (CTs). A CT is a circuit branch designed to prolong the circuit's retention time, and in most designs, it is implemented using floating gate transistors (FGTs) which have been demonstrated in 1971. [8] FGTs were utilized in various applications that need non-volatile analog memories as in electrically erasable programmable read only memories (EEPROMs). [9] They have also become an integral part of analog computing engines that depend on crossbar arrays, replacing the tiny resistive devices in these structures. [10] Moreover, FGTs were used in programmable analog solvers like field programmable analog arrays (FPAAs), which add flexibility to analog-based circuit solutions. [11,12] Some CTs (an FGT trap, for example) can trap charges for long periods of time (up to 10 years). This characteristic is often referred to as retention time. The underlying CMOS process has a direct effect on this characteristic. Not only are CTs characterized by their retention times, but also by other features that contribute to giving each CT a unique identity. Some of these features which directly relate to FGTs are: a) the transistor dimensions, length and width, which affect the tunneled current and induce more parasitic capacitance in a cell; b) the dielectric thickness which has a direct effect on charge tunneling; c) the charging capacity, and d) the discharging

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“…In that sense, the use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have increased in the past two-decades and nowadays, it is seen as a viable alternative to traditional monitoring systems [18]. Researchers at Michigan State University and Washington University at St. Louis have developed a new class of self-powered piezoelectric sensor that couples the physics of piezoelectric (energy harvesting) with the physics of low-power analog circuitry to sense, compute, and store mechanical usage statistics [19][20][21][22][23]. The self-powered piezoelectric sensor offers several novel features such as low power requirements (80 nW) (which is two orders of magnitude better than any commercially available technology), self-powered continuous sensing, low cost, small size, and wireless communication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data Compression Approach for Long-Term Monitoring of Pavement Structures

et al. 2019

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Pavement structures are designed to withstand continuous damage during their design life. Damage starts as soon as the pavement is open to traffic and increases with time. If maintenance activities are not considered in the initial design or considered but not applied during the service life, damage will grow to a point where rehabilitation may be the only and most expensive option left. In order to monitor the evolution of damage and its severity in pavement structures, a novel data compression approach based on cumulative measurements from a piezoelectric sensor is presented in this paper. Specifically, the piezoelectric sensor uses a thin film of polyvinylidene fluoride to sense the energy produced by the micro deformation generated due to the application of traffic loads. Epoxy solution has been used to encapsulate the membrane providing hardness and flexibility to withstand the high-loads and the high-temperatures during construction of the asphalt layer. The piezoelectric sensors have been exposed to three months of loading (approximately 1.0 million loads of 65 kN) at the French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR) fatigue carrousel. Notably, the sensors survived the construction and testing. Reference measurements were made with a commercial conventional strain gauge specifically designed for measurements in hot mix asphalt layers. Results from the carrousel successfully demonstrate that the novel approach can be considered as a good indicator of damage progression, thus alleviating the need to measure strains in pavement for the purpose of damage tracking.

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Calibration and Characterization of Self-Powered Floating-Gate Usage Monitor With Single Electron per Second Operational Limit

Cited by 51 publications

References 32 publications

Quasi-Self-Powered Piezo-Floating-Gate Sensing Technology for Continuous Monitoring of Large-Scale Bridges

Quasi-Self-Powered Piezo-Floating-Gate Sensing Technology for Continuous Monitoring of Large-Scale Bridges

A Memristive Cell with Long Retention Time in 65 nm CMOS Technology

Data Compression Approach for Long-Term Monitoring of Pavement Structures

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