We present a novel method for fully automated exterior calibration of a 2D scanning laser range sensor that attains accurate pose with respect to a fixed 3D reference frame. This task is crucial for applications that attempt to recover self-consistent 3D environment maps and produce accurately registered or fused sensor data.A key contribution of our approach lies in the design of a class of calibration target objects whose pose can be reliably recognized from a single observation (i.e. from one 2D range data stripe). Unlike other techniques, we do not require simultaneous camera views or motion of the sensor, making our approach simple, flexible and environment-independent.In this paper we illustrate the target geometry and derive the relationship between a single 2D range scan and the 3D sensor pose. We describe an algorithm for closed-form solution of the 6 DOF pose that minimizes an algebraic error metric, and an iterative refinement scheme that subsequently minimizes geometric error. Finally, we report performance and stability of our technique on synthetic and real data sets, and demonstrate accuracy within 1 degree of orientation and 3 cm of position in a realistic configuration.