Calibration of high-frequency hydrophone up to 40MHz by heterodyne interferometer

Yang, Ping; Xing, Guangzhen; He, Longbiao

doi:10.1016/j.ultras.2013.07.013

Cited by 32 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The NPL measurements are based in the comparison method using a reference hydrophone previously calibrated with optical interferometry, which have the advantage of providing the smallest uncertainties regarding hydrophone calibration. In addition, the relative expanded uncertainty for the sensitivity magnitude measured with the proposed method ranged between 6.6% and 7.0%, which is close to the expanded uncertainty of 5.8% obtained by Yang et al [32] at 5.0 MHz and better than relative expanded uncertainties such as 13.4%, for measurements in the frequency range of 2-5 MHz [20] and varying from 13.2% to 16.5% in the frequency range of 1.0-5.0 MHz [19].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

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Primary reciprocity-based method for calibration of hydrophone magnitude and phase sensitivity: Complete tests at frequencies from 1 to 7MHz

2015

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…In general, the ''open circuit'' measurement is actually a correction to the output voltage measurement obtained with a post procedure of endof-cable short circuit measurement (detailed arrangement in [5]; Section 3.1 and Eq. (32) further in the text detail the open circuit voltage assessment).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary reciprocity-based method for calibration of hydrophone magnitude and phase sensitivity: Complete tests at frequencies from 1 to 7MHz

2015

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“…At a handful of National Metrology Institutes [NMIs], optical interferometer-based primary standards have been configured to measure either the local displacement [18], [19] or local particle velocity [20], [21] to providing traceability to the SI units of length, through the wavelength of laser used, mass, and time. Primary measurement setups are operated under tightly controlled experimental conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissemination of the Acoustic Pascal: The Role and Experiences of a National Metrology Institute

Rajagopal

Silva

Miloro

et al. 2023

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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Hydrophones are pivotal measurement devices ensuring medical ultrasound acoustic exposures comply with the relevant national and international safety criteria. These devices have enabled the spatial and temporal distribution of key safety parameters to be determined in an objective and standardized way. Generally based on piezoelectric principles of operation, to convert generated voltage waveforms to acoustic pressure, they require calibration in terms of receive sensitivity, expressed in units of V•Pa −1 . Reliable hydrophone calibration with associated uncertainties plays a key role in underpinning a measurement framework that ensures exposure measurements are comparable and traceable to internationally agreed units, irrespective of where they are carried out globally. For well over three decades, the United Kingdom National Physical Laboratory (NPL) has provided calibrations to the user community covering the frequency range 0.1 -60 MHz, traceable to a primary realization of the acoustic pascal through optical interferometry. Typical uncertainties for sensitivity are 6% to 22% (for a coverage factor k = 2), degrading with frequency. The article specifically focusses on dissemination of the acoustic pascal through NPL's calibration services which are based on comparison with secondary standard hydrophones previously calibrated using the NPL primary standard. The work demonstrates the stability of the employed dissemination protocols by presenting representative calibration histories on a selection of commercially available hydrophones. Results re-affirm the guidance provided within international standards for regular calibration of a hydrophone in order to underpin measurement confidence. The process by which internationally agreed realizations of the acoustic pascal are compared and validated through Key Comparisons, is also described.

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“…The primary calibration of hydrophones at most of the National Measurement Institutes, including the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), U.K., Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Germany, National Measurement Institute of Japan, and National Institute of Metrology, China are based on optical interferometric techniques, which measure acoustic particle displacement [20][21][22] or velocity 11,23 from a reflecting surface, such as a pellicle. The acoustic pressure at the optical probing location can be calculated using acoustic plane-wave relationships.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser generated ultrasound sources using carbon-polymer nanocomposites for high frequency metrology

Rajagopal

Sainsbury

Treeby

et al. 2018

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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The characterization of ultrasound fields generated by diagnostic and therapeutic equipment is an essential requirement for performance validation and to demonstrate compliance against established safety limits. This requires hydrophones calibrated to a traceable standard. Currently, the upper calibration frequency range available to the user community is limited to 60 MHz. However, high frequencies are increasingly being used for both imaging and therapy necessitating calibration frequencies up to 100 MHz. The precise calibration of hydrophones requires a source of high amplitude, broadband, quasi-planar, and stable ultrasound fields. There are challenges to using conventional piezoelectric sources, and laser generated ultrasound sources offer a promising solution. In this study, various nanocomposites consisting of a bulk polymer matrix and multi-walled carbon nanotubes were fabricated and tested using pulsed laser of a few nanoseconds for their suitability as a source for high frequency calibration of hydrophones. The pressure amplitude and bandwidths were measured using a broadband hydrophone from 27 different nanocomposite sources. The effect of nonlinear propagation of high amplitude laser generated ultrasound on bandwidth and the effect of bandlimited sensitivity response on the deconvolved pressure waveform were numerically investigated. The stability of the nanocomposite sources under sustained laser pulse excitation was also examined.

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Calibration of high-frequency hydrophone up to 40MHz by heterodyne interferometer

Cited by 32 publications

References 19 publications

Primary reciprocity-based method for calibration of hydrophone magnitude and phase sensitivity: Complete tests at frequencies from 1 to 7MHz

Primary reciprocity-based method for calibration of hydrophone magnitude and phase sensitivity: Complete tests at frequencies from 1 to 7MHz

Dissemination of the Acoustic Pascal: The Role and Experiences of a National Metrology Institute

Laser generated ultrasound sources using carbon-polymer nanocomposites for high frequency metrology

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