Calix[6]quinone as high-performance cathode for lithium-ion battery

Abstract

Organic quinone compounds have attracted wide attention due to their high theoretical capacities. Here, a novel cyclic macromolecular calix[6]quinone (C6Q), which possesses 6 p-quinone units and can provide 12 electrochemical active sites, has been applied as a promising cathode material in lithium ion batteries (LIBs). The as-fabricated LIBs exhibited an initial specific capacity as high as 423 mA h g −1 (C theo = 447 mA h g −1) at 0.1 C. After 100 cycles, the capacity of C6Q maintained at 216 mA h g −1 , and even after 300 cycles, C6Q still achieved a high specific capacity of 195 mA h g −1 with negligible capacity fading (as compared with the 100 th cycle). Due to the large capacity and wide electrochemical window, C6Q can deliver a specific energy up to 1201 W h kg −1. In addition, the method of immobilizing C6Q with ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) CMK-3 could further enhance the electrochemical performance of C6Q.

Recent Progress in Advanced Organic Electrode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Synthesis, Mechanisms, Challenges and Perspectives

“…Another way to solve the solubility problem of quinones is to composite them with other material. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29] For example, an Al 2 O 3 layer (2 nm) was successfully deposited on Na 2 DBQ electrode surface to suppress the dissolution of Na 2 DBQ, which showed significant enhancement on the SIB performance (reversible capacity of 212 mAh g −1 over 300 cycles). [23] Wu et al [24] immobilized CNTs onto Na 2 DBQ by a spray drying method, and the as obtained nanocomposite delivered a high reversible capacity (259 mAh g −1 ) and excellent rate performance (142 mAh g −1 at 7 C).…”

“…Chen et al [25] found that 2, 3-dicyano-5, 6-dichloro-1, 4-benzoquinone (DDQ) with 60% carbon black exhibited high reversible capacity of 456 mAh g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 and cycling life with 436.5 mAh g −1 over 100 cycles for SIBs. Recently, Huang et al [26][27][28][29] investigated the effect of carbon materials on the organic electrode materials performance. The dissolution of C4Q can be effectively restricted by encapsulating it in CMK-3, and the stability and electronic conductivity of C4Q/CMK-3/SWCNTs are intensified by the 3D conductive network.…”

“…Structures of Schiff bases(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36) and pteridine derivatives (37-41) as electrode materials.…”

Rational Molecular Design of Benzoquinone‐Derived Cathode Materials for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries

“…Besides the strategy of introducing substituents, designing multi‐ p ‐benzoquinone molecules (i.e., BQ oligomers) with relatively large size could also decrease the solubility. [ 22–25 ] Recently, Kwon and coworkers studied a stereoscopic triptycene triquinone molecule (Figure S1b, Supporting Information), [ 22 ] which delivered a high initial capacity of 387 mAh g −1 (83% utilization of carbonyl groups) but a low capacity remained after 100 cycles (<50 mAh g −1 ). Chen's group reported another two kinds of multi‐ p ‐benzoquinone molecules with three‐dimensional macrocyclic structures, the calix[4]quinone [ 23 ] (Figure S1c, Supporting Information) and pillar[5]quinone [ 24 ] (Figure S1d, Supporting Information), bearing four and five BQ units, respectively.…”

“…However, both of them displayed rapid capacity fading in organic liquid electrolytes due to their serious dissolutions. Recently, Zhang's group reported a similar but larger macrocyclic molecule bearing six BQ units, calix[6]quinone (Figure S1e, Supporting Information), [ 25 ] and the cycling performance is enhanced but still suffered from rapid capacity decay with a low capacity retention of ≈220 mAh g −1 after 100 cycles.…”