“…Some have proposed that attachment and PDs exist on the same continua (with PDs characterizing extremity of attachment insecurity; Blatt & Levy, 2003), while others have suggested that early attachment “sets the stage” for interpersonal dysfunction that later becomes PD (Meyer & Pilkonis, 2005). Regardless of their specific mechanism of association, PDs and attachment share phenotypic similarities that are reflected in robust bivariate associations (i.e., up to r = .79; Meyer & Pilkonis, 2005; Smith & South, 2021). Despite this strong evidence of certain PDs with attachment insecurity based on phenotypic similarities (e.g., dependent PD with anxious attachment), however, the precision of PD–attachment associations to one dimension (i.e., avoidance or anxiety) have not been tested.…”