Abstract:Here we present the concept of a protein microarray-based fluorescence immunoassay for multiple biomarker detection in milk extracts by an ordinary smartphone. A multiplex immunoassay was designed on a microarray chip, having built-in positive and negative quality controls. After the immunoassay procedure, the 48 microspots were labelled with Quantum Dots (QD) depending on the protein biomarker levels in the sample. QD-fluorescence was subsequently detected by the smartphone camera under UV light excitation fr… Show more
“…An even more sophisticated multiplex smartphone approach based on the original rbST microsphere assay was presented for biomarkers in milk (Fig. 2) [134]. Although this technology has currently only been applied to food diagnostics, focusing this approach could allow it to be applied more specifically to food allergens.Fig.…”
Section: Methods For Food Allergen Detection Using a Smartphone Readomentioning
In this critical review, we provide a comprehensive overview of immunochemical food allergen assays and detectors in the context of their user-friendliness, through their connection to smartphones. Smartphone-based analysis is centered around citizen science, putting analysis into the hands of the consumer. Food allergies represent a significant worldwide health concern and consumers should be able to analyze their foods, whenever and wherever they are, for allergen presence. Owing to the need for a scientific background, traditional laboratory-based detection methods are generally unsuitable for the consumer. Therefore, it is important to develop simple, safe, and rapid assays that can be linked with smartphones as detectors to improve user accessibility. Smartphones make excellent detection systems because of their cameras, embedded flash functions, portability, connectivity, and affordability. Therefore, this review has summarized traditional laboratory-based methods for food allergen detection such as enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and surface plasmon resonance, and the potential to modernize these methods by interfacing them with a smartphone readout system, based on the aforementioned smartphone characteristics. This is the first review focusing on smartphone-based food-allergen detection methods designed with the intention of being consumer-friendly.
Graphical abstractA smartphone-based food allergen detection system in three easy steps (1) sample preparation, (2) allergen detection on a smartphone using antibodies, which then transmits the data wirelessly, (3) analytical results sent straight to smartphone
Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s00216-018-0989-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
“…An even more sophisticated multiplex smartphone approach based on the original rbST microsphere assay was presented for biomarkers in milk (Fig. 2) [134]. Although this technology has currently only been applied to food diagnostics, focusing this approach could allow it to be applied more specifically to food allergens.Fig.…”
Section: Methods For Food Allergen Detection Using a Smartphone Readomentioning
In this critical review, we provide a comprehensive overview of immunochemical food allergen assays and detectors in the context of their user-friendliness, through their connection to smartphones. Smartphone-based analysis is centered around citizen science, putting analysis into the hands of the consumer. Food allergies represent a significant worldwide health concern and consumers should be able to analyze their foods, whenever and wherever they are, for allergen presence. Owing to the need for a scientific background, traditional laboratory-based detection methods are generally unsuitable for the consumer. Therefore, it is important to develop simple, safe, and rapid assays that can be linked with smartphones as detectors to improve user accessibility. Smartphones make excellent detection systems because of their cameras, embedded flash functions, portability, connectivity, and affordability. Therefore, this review has summarized traditional laboratory-based methods for food allergen detection such as enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and surface plasmon resonance, and the potential to modernize these methods by interfacing them with a smartphone readout system, based on the aforementioned smartphone characteristics. This is the first review focusing on smartphone-based food-allergen detection methods designed with the intention of being consumer-friendly.
Graphical abstractA smartphone-based food allergen detection system in three easy steps (1) sample preparation, (2) allergen detection on a smartphone using antibodies, which then transmits the data wirelessly, (3) analytical results sent straight to smartphone
Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s00216-018-0989-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
“…Suitable potential test formats are the lateral-flow assay (i.e. dipstick), mid-infrared measurement [16], high-throughput fluorescence polarization immunoassay [79] or the novel concept for a protein microarray on smart-phones [80].…”
At onset of milk production and in early lactation highly producing dairy cows are most susceptible for inflammatory diseases due to functional suppression of immune cells. Intensive supervision of the animals is essential and implementation of new technologies to on-farm routines will be the next step to provide automation and improvement of herd health monitoring programs. Objective of our study was to identify and validate immunological biomarkers in milk that indicate extra-mammary inflammatory diseases to characterize the general health status of highly-producing dairy cows.In total 89 healthy and 75 diseased animals (German Holstein cows) were included. Diseases were distinguished by either systemic (extra-mammary) occurrence or those affecting the mammary gland (mastitis) and further classified by their severity. For protein biomarker discovery we used a top-down approach to narrow down a broad range of secreted gene products of the milk cell transcriptome (microarray) and proteome to a few promising candidates which were validated using real-time PCR and ELISA. The most promising biomarker candidates were statistically evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed haptoglobin, secretory component, lactoferrin and vascular endothelial growth factor showing the highest discriminatory capability for diseased vs. healthy cows. Values for sensitivity at a specificity of 94% were 82% for haptoglobin, 59% for secretory component, 55% for lactoferrin and 67% for vascular endothelial growth factor. Statistical evaluation by multinomial logistic regression and k-nearest neighbor method confirmed haptoglobin as the best single-use biomarker. In combination with secretory component or lactoferrin an increase in overall sensitivity or specificity, depending on the classification method, could be achieved.The application of the validated health biomarkers in combination with an easy high-throughput detection system would offer a solution to adapt dairy herd management to changing requirements on animal welfare, farming efficiency, milk supply and food safety in modern agriculture.
“…In fact, mobile phone-based imaging and sensing platforms have already been used in a variety of applications, including clinical chemistry, biomedical and environmental monitoring [3][4][5], food analysis [6][7][8], detection of different types of chemical and biological analytes such as cells, parasites [9], bacteria [10], eggs [11], proteins [12], various biomarkers [6,7], nanoparticles [13] and even nucleic acids [14][15][16]. In many of these platforms, processing of the acquired data and the resulting computational analysis are done either on the smartphone or over a local or remote server using a customdeveloped smartphone application.…”
Section: Mobile Phone-enabled Measurement Tools For Research and Clinicmentioning
KEYWORDSTogether with their cost-effectiveness, wide-spread use, computational power and connectivity, mobile phones have the potential to transform traditional uses of imaging, sensing and diagnostic systems, especially for point-of-care applications and field settings.In fact, mobile phone-based imaging and sensing platforms have already been used in a variety of applications, including clinical chemistry, biomedical and environmental monitoring [3][4][5], food analysis [6][7][8] [12], various biomarkers [6,7], nanoparticles [13] and even nucleic acids [14][15][16]. In many of these platforms, processing of the acquired data and the resulting computational analysis are done either on the smartphone or over a local or remote server using a customdeveloped smartphone application. In some cases, subcomponents of the mobile phone peripherals, for example, the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) imager chip of the camera module, can also be used for advanced microscopy and cytometry applications [17][18][19], in which case a laptop computer or a tablet can be used for image reconstruction and related analysis.
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