Callitrichine gammaherpesvirus 3 and Human alphaherpesvirus 1 in New World Primate negative for yellow fever virus in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Abstract

BACKGROUND Herpesvirus transmission between humans and non-human primate (NHP) can occur through contact scratches with lesions, infected saliva, and mainly through contaminated food. Therefore, cross-infection can lead to severe illness or even death for both the animal and human. In 2017, during the yellow fever (YF) outbreak in Brazil, species of the New World Primates (NWP) from Rio de Janeiro state, tested negative for yellow fever virus (YFV) detection. OBJECTIVES To evaluate herpesvirus in the population NWP in Rio de Janeiro. METHODS To investigate, liver samples of 283 NWP, from several regions of the state of Rio de Janeiro, were tested for the herpesvirus family using a Pan -polymerase chain reaction ( Pan -PCR) and sequencing. FINDINGS 34.6% (98/283) tested positive for at least one herpesvirus; 29.3% (83/283) tested positive to Human alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1), this virus from humans can be lethal to New World monkey; 13% (37/283) were detected Callitrichine gammaherpesvirus 3 (CalHV-3), responsible for lymphoproliferative disease that can be fatal in NWP. In addition, CalHV-3 / HSV-1 co-infection was in 11.6% (33/283) of the samples. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Pan -herpesvirus was useful to identify species-specific herpesviruses and virus from human that can infect animals. Furthermore, during an outbreak of YF other infections should be monitored.

Fatal Simplexvirus humanalpha1 infection in howler‐monkeys (Alouatta sp.) under human care: Clinical, molecular, and pathological findings

“…), cases affecting primates of the genus Alouatta are scarce. There are reported two cases with appreciable lesions in Alouatta caraya under human care in the United States and genomic detection in free‐range howler monkeys in Brazil 7,12,13 . All reports in Alouatta sp.…”

“…States and genomic detection in free-range howler monkeys in Brazil. 7,12,13 All reports in Alouatta sp. suggest a human source but lack molecular confirmation, 7,12 opposing the present case.…”

Mediastinal T‐cell lymphoma in a free‐ranging brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans)

“…However, like other authors who have described lymphoma in a free‐ranging brown howler monkey, 17 we believe that the association of these tumors with viral agents should not be ruled out. A gammaherpesvirus (Callitrichine gammaherpesvirus 3) was recently described among wildlife, yellow fever‐negative NHPs found dead in the Atlantic Forest biome 18 . As the population of a brown howler monkey in the Atlantic Forest has suffered a severe decline and is currently recognized as a vulnerable species, 19 we believe that these cases may point to the need for research on oncogenic agents among neotropical free‐ranging NHPs, including viruses such as gammaherpesviruses ( Lymphocryptovirus and Rhadinovirus ) and Simian T‐lymphotropic virus 2,5–9 …”

“…A gammaherpesvirus (Callitrichine gammaherpesvirus 3) was recently described among wildlife, yellow fever-negative NHPs found dead in the Atlantic Forest biome. 18 As the population of a brown howler monkey in the Atlantic Forest has suffered a severe decline and is currently recognized as a vulnerable species, 19 we believe that these cases may point to the need for research on oncogenic agents among neotropical free-ranging NHPs, including viruses such as gammaherpesviruses (Lymphocryptovirus and Rhadinovirus) and Simian T-lymphotropic virus. 2,[5][6][7][8][9] Mediastinal T-cell lymphomas in domestic animals tend to have an indolent course.…”