“…A plethora of techniques have been used in studying metal adsorption onto bacteria including: calorimetry (Gorman-Lewis et al, 2006;Gorman-Lewis, 2009; Harrold and Gorman-Lewis, 2013), bulk adsorption experiments (Churchill et al, 1995;Fein et al, 1997;Ledin et al, 1997;Yee and Fein, 2001), X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) (Kushwaha et al, 2012;Chubar et al, 2013), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (Jiang et al, 2004;Yee et al, 2004;Fang et al, 2011), molecular dynamics simulations (Johnson et al, 2006;Lins et al, 2008;Barkleit et al, 2009), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) (Kelly et al, 2001;Boonfueng et al, 2009;Dunham-Cheatham et al, 2011). The first studies of the binding sites of metals on bacterial cell walls quantified adsorption under high metal loading conditions and identified carboxyl, phosphoryl, and amino moieties as the dominant groups responsible for metal binding (Beveridge andMurray, 1976, 1980;Guiné et al, 2006;González et al, 2014).…”