Camalexin induces detoxification of the phytoalexin brassinin in the plant pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans

Pedras, M. Soledade C.; Jha, Mukund; Okeola, Oladapo G.

doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.013

Cited by 34 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Camalexin, a major indole phytoalexin of A. thaliana, has been investigated previously with regard to its biosynthesis, regulation, antimicrobial properties, and degradation by plant pathogens [26][27][28][29]. However, its cytotoxicity against eukaryotic cells and potential as a prospective drug for human diseases has been examined only in a limited context [5,6].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Camalexin induces apoptosis in T-leukemia Jurkat cells by increased concentration of reactive oxygen species and activation of caspase-8 and caspase-9

et al. 2011

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Camalexin, a major indole phytoalexin of Arabidopsis thaliana, accumulates in various cruciferous plants in response to environmental stress and reportedly displays antimicrobial activities against various plant pathogens. However, its cytotoxicity against eukaryotic cells and potential as a prospective drug for human diseases has been examined only in a limited context. Our data demonstrate the time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity of camalexin on human T-leukemia Jurkat cells in the micromolar range, and the lower potency of cytotoxic effects on human lymphoblasts and primary fibroblasts. Cytotoxicity of camalexin is enhanced by the glutathione-depleting agent buthionine sulfoximine and completely blocked by pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. Treatment of Jurkat cells with camalexin resulted in activation of caspase-8, caspase-9, caspases-3/7, and apoptosis that was detected by the presence of a sub-G1 population of cells, externalization of phosphatidyl serine and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Staining with 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and dihydroethidium bromide displayed increased concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) early in camalexin-treated Jurkat cells, prior to the onset of apoptosis, while staining with MitoSOX(™) dye identified mitochondria as a source of increased ROS. Our data suggest that this phytochemical, which has a wide range of predicted pharmacological activities, induces apoptosis in Jurkat leukemia cells through increased ROS followed by dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential and execution of caspase-9- and caspase-8-initiated apoptosis. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report on antileukemic activity and mode of action of this unique indole phytoalexin.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Camalexin induces apoptosis in T-leukemia Jurkat cells by increased concentration of reactive oxygen species and activation of caspase-8 and caspase-9

et al. 2011

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“…The observed delay in accumulation of these compounds could be explained by the time needed by germinating spores to overcome the natural obstacles present in plant leaves like cuticula and cell walls. On the other hand, the detoxification of phytoalexins by their metabolic decomposition by fungi specific for the host plants is frequently observed (Pedras and Ahiahonu 2005). Nevertheless, the response of leaves of narrow leafed lupine plants to infection with C. lupini depended on their age and was directed towards synthesis of phytoalexins luteone and wighteone in young and older leaves, respectively.…”

Section: Identification Of Phenolic Secondary Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential metabolic response of narrow leafed lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) leaves to infection with Colletotrichum lupini

et al. 2009

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Flavones and isoflavones are a major group of phenolic secondary metabolites which occur in leaves of narrow leafed lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) either as free aglycones or in a form of glycosides and malonyl-glycosides. Profiles of phenolic compounds in leaves of seedlings infected with anthracnose causing fungus Colletotrichum lupini were compared to those of healthy plants. A HPLC with diode array UV detector was used as the analytical method and identification of these secondary metabolites was confirmed with a HPLC/MS n instrument. Isomers of several target compounds differing in the glycosilation and/or malonylation pattern were detected in the studied samples. However, the application of standard HPLC with C18 columns resulted in the co-elution of several glyconjugates in single chromatographic peaks whereas for isoflavonoid aglycones complete resolution was achieved. Lupine plants grown in a greenhouse were either sprayed with the C. lupini spore suspension or the suspension was spotted on to wounded leaves. Profiles of the isoflavones were altered in result to infection with both methods. In particular, the concentration of isoflavone free aglycones detected in extracts from diseased plants was substantially increased in all of the studied samples. However, the pattern of these compounds depended on the age of lupine leaves as well as on the method of infection. Synthesis of luteone and 2 0 -hydroxygenistein was enhanced in the youngest leaves of plants sprayed with spores as well as in wound-infected leaves. Wighteone synthesis was induced mainly in older leaves of plants sprayed with the spore suspension.

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“…Additionally, B. cinerea is a true haploid ascomycete that infects a wide range of evolutionarily distinct plant hosts, from bryophytes to eudicots. B. cinerea has elevated natural genetic variation that results in multiple major-effect polymorphisms in known virulence mechanisms, including the production of phytotoxic metabolites (Colmenares et al, 2002;Dalmais et al, 2011), enzymes that detoxify plant defense metabolites (Ferrari et al, 2003;Pedras et al, 2005Pedras et al, , 2007Pedras et al, , 2008Pedras et al, , 2009Pedras et al, , 2011Stefanato et al, 2009;Rowe et al, 2010), and the ability to degrade plant cell walls (Rowe and Kliebenstein, 2007;Schumacher et al, 2012Schumacher et al, , 2015Kumari et al, 2014). Because wild B. cinerea isolates have recombination and random mating, a population of isolates is a random intermixed sample of the diverse virulence mechanisms (Rowe and Kliebenstein, 2007;Kretschmer et al, 2009;Rowe et al, 2010;Kumari et al, 2014;Atwell et al, 2015;Corwin et al, 2016aCorwin et al, , 2016bZhang et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plastic Transcriptomes Stabilize Immunity to Pathogen Diversity: The Jasmonic Acid and Salicylic Acid Networks within the Arabidopsis/Botrytis Pathosystem

et al. 2017

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To respond to pathogen attack, selection and associated evolution has led to the creation of plant immune system that are a highly effective and inducible defense system. Central to this system are the plant defense hormones jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) and crosstalk between the two, which may play an important role in defense responses to specific pathogens or even genotypes. Here, we used the Arabidopsis thaliana-Botrytis cinerea pathosystem to test how the host's defense system functions against genetic variation in a pathogen. We measured defense-related phenotypes and transcriptomic responses in Arabidopsis wild-type Col-0 and JA-and SA-signaling mutants, coi1-1 and npr1-1, individually challenged with 96 diverse B. cinerea isolates. Those data showed genetic variation in the pathogen influences on all components within the plant defense system at the transcriptional level. We identified four gene coexpression networks and two vectors of defense variation triggered by genetic variation in B. cinerea. This showed that the JA and SA signaling pathways functioned to constrain/canalize the range of virulence in the pathogen population, but the underlying transcriptomic response was highly plastic. These data showed that plants utilize major defense hormone pathways to buffer disease resistance, but not the metabolic or transcriptional responses to genetic variation within a pathogen.

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Camalexin induces detoxification of the phytoalexin brassinin in the plant pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans

Cited by 34 publications

References 15 publications

Camalexin induces apoptosis in T-leukemia Jurkat cells by increased concentration of reactive oxygen species and activation of caspase-8 and caspase-9

Camalexin induces apoptosis in T-leukemia Jurkat cells by increased concentration of reactive oxygen species and activation of caspase-8 and caspase-9

Differential metabolic response of narrow leafed lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) leaves to infection with Colletotrichum lupini

Plastic Transcriptomes Stabilize Immunity to Pathogen Diversity: The Jasmonic Acid and Salicylic Acid Networks within the Arabidopsis/Botrytis Pathosystem

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