Can conditions of skeletal muscle loss be improved by combining exercise with anabolic–androgenic steroids? A systematic review and meta-analysis of testosterone-based interventions

Falqueto, Hugo; Júnior, Jorge Lúcio Rodrigues; Silverio, Mauro Nicollas Oliveira; Farias, Juliano Cesar Huf; Schöenfeld, Brad J.; Manfredi, Leandro Henrique

doi:10.1007/s11154-021-09634-4

Cited by 23 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…In previous studies on blood flow restriction training, a fixed value of cuff pressure was often used for training, but this resulted in a lack of individualization and appropriate cuff pressure. 6 Blood pressure and blood flow in each person are heterogeneous. Some studies have proposed that the relative cuff pressure can be used to standardize the pressure of blood flow restriction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 24 , 25 Other studies have shown that an increase in synthetic hormones improves muscle fitness. 6 , 7 This inconsistency among studies hinders further interpretation of the results. In future studies, possible differences in the application of blood flow restriction in different populations should be further explored.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The secretion of anabolic hormones is closely related to muscle function and muscle adaptation. 6 , 7 Therefore, how the application of different cuff pressures in low-load resistance exercises affects GH and other hormones that are closely related to muscle synthesis is an important issue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of a blood flow restriction exercise under different pressures on testosterone, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor levels

Yang

Wang

et al. 2021

J Int Med Res

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Objective To investigate the changes in serum growth hormone (GH), testosterone, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) during low-intensity resistance exercise under different cuff pressures. Methods We performed a single-blind, cross-over design study. Twenty-five healthy young men performed three exercise protocols as follows: 1) no blood flow restriction exercise (control group), 2) resistance exercise at 40% of arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) (low group), and 3) resistance exercise at 70% of AOP (high group). Blood lactate, GH, testosterone, and IGF-1 levels were measured at four time points. Results There were no differences in the indices before exercise. The blood flow restriction exercise under different pressures had different effects on each index and there was an interactive effect. GH levels were significantly higher in the high group than in the other groups after exercise. Immediately after exercise, IGF-1 and testosterone levels were significantly higher in the high group than in the other groups. At 15 minutes after exercise, testosterone levels were significantly higher in the high group than in the other groups. Conclusions Low-intensity resistance exercise combined with blood flow restriction effectively increases GH, IGF-1, and testosterone levels in young men. Increasing the cuff pressure results in greater levels of hormone secretion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of a blood flow restriction exercise under different pressures on testosterone, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor levels

Yang

Wang

et al. 2021

J Int Med Res

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“…A prospective study demonstrated that TRT offers no benefit beyond resistance exercise alone ( 61 ). In 2021, a systematic review and meta-analysis on TRT of 21 RCTs for LBM and 15 RCTs for muscle strength concluded that both LBM and muscular strength were significantly improved by a combination regimen, which included physical exercise and testosterone-based interventions, when compared with physical exercise or testosterone-based interventions alone ( 62 ).…”

Section: Testosteronementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, adverse cardiovascular events such as a significant increase in coronary artery non-calcified plaque volume ( 68 ) and menstrual changes in women and gynecomastia in men ( 69 ) are known to occur. A recent meta-analysis of testosterone did not indicate significant side effects and suggested that the adverse effects may be decreased by avoiding supraphysiological levels of plasma testosterone ( 62 ).…”

Section: Testosteronementioning

confidence: 99%

The Therapeutic Intervention of Sex Steroid Hormones for Sarcopenia

Huang

Wang

2021

Front. Med.

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Sarcopenia, characterized by the excessive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, is associated with the overall poor muscle performance status of the elderly, and occurs more frequently in those with chronic diseases. The causes of sarcopenia are multifactorial due to the inherent relationship between muscles and molecular mechanisms, such as mitochondrial function, inflammatory pathways, and circulating hormones. Age-related changes in sex steroid hormone concentrations, including testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and their precursors and derivatives, are an important aspect of the pathogenesis of sarcopenia. In this review, we provide an understanding of the treatment of sarcopenia through the regulation of sex steroid hormones. The potential benefits and future research emphasis of each sex steroid hormone therapeutic intervention (testosterone, SARMs, estrogen, SERMs, DHEA, and progesterone) for sarcopenia are discussed. Enhanced understanding of the role of sex steroid hormones in the treatment for sarcopenia could lead to the development of hormone therapeutic approaches in combination with specific exercise and nutrition regimens.

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Development and validation of a prognostic model for cachexia in postoperative gastric cancer patients with low nutritional risk: a dual-center retrospective cohort study

Zhang,

Fu,

Sun

et al. 2024

Surg Endosc

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Can conditions of skeletal muscle loss be improved by combining exercise with anabolic–androgenic steroids? A systematic review and meta-analysis of testosterone-based interventions

Cited by 23 publications

References 113 publications

Effects of a blood flow restriction exercise under different pressures on testosterone, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor levels

Effects of a blood flow restriction exercise under different pressures on testosterone, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor levels

The Therapeutic Intervention of Sex Steroid Hormones for Sarcopenia

Development and validation of a prognostic model for cachexia in postoperative gastric cancer patients with low nutritional risk: a dual-center retrospective cohort study

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