Can melamine levels in 1-spot overnight urine specimens predict the total previous 24-hour melamine excretion level in school children?

Lin, Yi-Ting; Tsai, M. Z.; Chen, Yi‐Ling; Cheng, Ching-Mei; Hung, Chun-Chi; Wu, Chia-Fang; Liu, Chia-Chu; Hsieh, Tusty‐Jiuan; Shiea, Jentaie; Chen, Bai-Hsiun; Wu, Ming-Tsang

doi:10.1016/j.cca.2012.10.024

Cited by 38 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…24,25 Microalbuminuria is a well known early marker of renal glomerular damage in the general population, whereas NAG and b2-MG have been recognized to be useful clinical markers for early renal tubular damage. 8 This study found that melamine exposure was associated with NAG and b2-MG but not microalbumin, suggesting that the initial damage by melamine is mainly in renal tubular cells and is consistent with our previous in vitro study that showed that low and chronic melamine insult in human renal proximal tubular cells can increase cellular reactive oxygen species, decrease antiapoptotic/proapoptotic protein ratio, and eventually result in cell apoptosis prior to renal morphologic change. 26 Thus, the proposed mechanism in this study is quite different from that in the 2008 toxic milk scandal from China in which affected children suffered from acute renal injury directly caused by the formation of renal stones from the cocrystallization of melamine and other body ions, such as phosphate or uric acid, during urine filtration due to the large consumption of melamine-tainted baby milk formula.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…For the nonexposed workers, their urinary melamine concentrations, mostly ,2 mg/mmol, were similar to the general Caucasian and Asian populations. 7,8 However, urinary melamine concentrations in melamine workers in administrative areas were slightly higher than those in the general population, probably due to the adjacency of the workplace of the manufacturing process and consequent melamine particular "drift. "…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…7,8 One of the main sources is from the universal use of melamine tableware and kitchenware, 9,10 which are produced by melamine workers. Although the melamine workers in this study did not have abnormal clinical data of renal function, including serum BUN, creatinine, uric acid, eGFR and estimated creatinine clearance rate, and prominent abnormal renal morphology or increased renal stones by renal echo, preclinical renal injury markers have changed, as has been demonstrated in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 Our recent data of 87 urine samples from 22 study children and 70 urine samples from their parents in one Taiwanese community revealed that in only two urine samples could melamine not be detected at a MDL of 0.8 ng/mL. 8 The aforementioned results indicated that both of these different ethnic populations are continuously exposed to melamine from the general environment.…”

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confidence: 97%

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Ambient Melamine Exposure and Urinary Biomarkers of Early Renal Injury

Peng

Liu

et al. 2015

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

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Information about environmental exposure to melamine and renal injury in adults is lacking. We investigated this relationship in 44 workers at two melamine tableware manufacturing factories in Taiwan (16 manufacturers, eight grinders, ten packers, and ten administrators) and 105 nonexposed workers (controls) at one shipbuilding company who were enrolled in August-December of 2012. For melamine workers, personal and area air samples were obtained at the worksite over 1 workweek (Monday-Friday). In the same week, pre-and post-shift one-spot urine samples were collected each workday and one first-spot urine sample was collected on each weekend morning and the following Monday morning. For each control, a one-spot urine sample was collected on Friday morning. A blood sample was also obtained from each participant at this time. Melamine levels were measured in air, urine, and serum, and early renal injury biomarkers were measured in urine. Urinary melamine concentrations in manufacturers increased sharply between pre-and post-shift measurements on Monday, remained significantly elevated throughout the workweek, and decreased over the weekend; changes in urinary melamine concentrations were substantially lower for other melamine workers. Manufacturers were exposed to the highest concentrations of ambient melamine and had significantly higher urinary and serum melamine concentrations than did the controls (P,0.001). Urinary melamine levels were positively associated with urinary N-acetyl b-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) levels but not microalbumin levels, and the detectable b2-microglobulin rate increased in the manufacturers group. In conclusion, ambient melamine exposure may increase the levels of urinary biomarkers of renal tubular injury in this occupational setting.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 97%

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Ambient Melamine Exposure and Urinary Biomarkers of Early Renal Injury

Peng

Liu

et al. 2015

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

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“…Our recent data of 87 urine samples from 22 children, aged 6−10 years, and 70 urine samples from their parents in one Taiwanese community revealed that only two urine samples did not have detectable melamine at MDL of 0.8 ng/mL. 13 From those 22 studied children with two one-spot urine samples collected on two different days, we found that the geometric mean concentration and the highest melamine concentrations were 8.89 and 85.0 ng/mL in the first one-spot urine samples and 7.28 and 61.5 ng/mL in the second onespot urine samples. For their parents, the geometric mean concentration and the highest melamine concentrations were 6.13 and 41.5 ng/mL in their fathers' combined 34 one-spot urine samples and 5.59 and 38.6 ng/mL in their mothers' combined 36 one-spot urine samples.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Behavioral Intervention and Decreased Daily Melamine Exposure from Melamine Tableware

Chen²

2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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This study aims to examine whether behavior intervention can decrease total urinary melamine excretion. A total of 16 healthy subjects were recruited from two university buildings (eight subjects each). By using a stepped-wedge cluster randomized and controlled trial design, we randomly assigned eight subjects from the same building to the serial steps of either control-intervention-intervention or control-control-intervention. Each step lasted for 3 days. Subjects in the intervention step carried one bag containing stainless steel tableware as meal boxes and used them for each meal during the trial, whereas those in the control step carried one empty bag. The 24 h urine samples for 9 consecutive days were collected. In the control-intervention-intervention group, after excluding two subjects with missing data, the median absolute difference of the total 3 day melamine excretion between the seventh to the ninth day and from the first to the third day was -19.9 μg (a range from -160.6 to -7.2 μg, p = 0.028, n = 6). The median protection percent of the total 3 day melamine exposure (the amount from the seventh to the ninth day minus the amount from the first to the third day, divided by the amount from the first to the third day) was 68.4%, ranging from 41.8% to 91.8%. Regular use of stainless steel-made meals boxes can mitigate melamine exposure from melamine tableware.

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Development of analytical method of melamine in placenta from pregnant women by isotope‐dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Cheng

Hsu

et al. 2020

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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Rationale Melamine is ubiquitously present in our daily life. It has a known effect on the kidneys, but it may also adversely affect the reproduction system. We have developed an analytical method for measuring melamine levels in maternal placenta and correlated these levels with melamine concentrations in urine, a necessary step in finding out if melamine might cross the placenta and enter the circulation of the fetus. Methods We used liquid–liquid extraction, clean up by solid‐phase extraction (SPE), and isotope‐dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) to measure melamine in placenta specimens. The results of this method were assessed for linearity, limits of quantitation (LOQs), and intra‐ and inter‐assay precision as well as accuracy, matrix effect, and recovery rate. Results Calibration curves indicated good linearity (r >0.995) over concentrations ranging from 5 to 500 ng/mL in placenta specimens, intra‐ and inter‐assay precision from 0.89% to 27.07%, and accuracy from 92.4% to123.5%. Recovery ranged from 63.9 to 83.9%, and the LOQ was 5 ng/mL in placenta (0.2 g). Placental melamine levels ranged from 7.87 to19.64 ng/mL, all detectable (n = 8). Pregnant women with higher levels of urinary melamine had higher placenta melamine levels than those with non‐detectable urinary melamine, though the results were not significantly different (p = 0.149, n = 4 in each group). Conclusions The results of this study suggest that pregnant women were exposed to low doses of melamine in their daily lives as measured in urine samples and placenta specimens. It is unclear whether placenta melamine concentrations can better represent long‐term exposure than urine or whether melamine in the uterus can enter the fetus via this route.

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Can melamine levels in 1-spot overnight urine specimens predict the total previous 24-hour melamine excretion level in school children?

Cited by 38 publications

References 29 publications

Ambient Melamine Exposure and Urinary Biomarkers of Early Renal Injury

Ambient Melamine Exposure and Urinary Biomarkers of Early Renal Injury

Behavioral Intervention and Decreased Daily Melamine Exposure from Melamine Tableware

Development of analytical method of melamine in placenta from pregnant women by isotope‐dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

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