Can Mixed Parasite Infections Thwart Targeted Malaria Elimination Program in India?

Singh, Upasana Shyamsunder; Siwal, Nisha; Pande, Veena; Das, Ashim

doi:10.1155/2017/2847548

Cited by 18 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 64 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The most predominant mixed infection was observed to be Pf/Pm (77.86%) which is lower than the findings of Achonduh [28] but higher than that of [24]. This is in line with epidemiological findings in India [29] where the less prevalent malaria parasite (P. malariae, and P. ovale) mostly occurred as coinfection with P. falciparum. Identification of P. malariae is critical because P. malariae has been associated with chronic infections persisting for years in persons as reservoirs for ongoing transmission as it remains undetected in the host for longer periods.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Genetic Polymorphisms of Pfcrt K76T and Pfmdr1 N86Y among Asymptomatic School Children in Forest Communities of Ekondo Titi Subdivision along the Cameroon-Nigeria Border Area

Tientche

Fru-Cho

Anong

et al. 2019

IJTDH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aims: The study sought to quantify Plasmodium infection and molecular markers for chloroquine resistance among asymptomatic school children. Study Design: The study was cross-sectional. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Ekondo Titi Subdivision near Cameroon's south-western border with Nigeria from March to May and from September to October 2014. Methodology: The prevalence of human Plasmodium species was determined by nested PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) using DNA from dried blood spot in six primary schools. A PCR/RFLP analysis (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) was used to determine the prevalence of chloroquine resistance (CQR) associated pfcrt 76T and pfmdr 1 56Y point mutations in Plasmodium falciparum asymptomatic school children. Results: A nested PCR amplifying the 18S small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene of Plasmodium in 205 samples confirmed 76.1% of the isolates as asymptomatic P. falciparum infections, with a substantial proportion 22% of P. malariae infection. Among these, 3.6% were single P. malariae infections and 15.1% were P. falciparum and P. malariae mixed infections. Mixed P. falciparum and P. ovale infections were 2.0%. Of the 156 Plasmodium falciparum, positive samples by species-specific PCR, 107 samples with P. falciparum mono-infection were analyzed for the presence of drug resistant alleles pfcrt 76T and pfmdr1- Y 86. The prevalence of pfcrt 76T mutation (74.6%) was higher than that of the pfmdr1-Y86 mutation (25.4%). Logistic regression analysis of socio-demographic factors predicted no significant association between pfcrt 76T mutation with gender and communities. Conclusions: The results indicated a high prevalence of P. malariae and mixed infection in the area under study. The high-level distribution of the pfcrtT76 observed in the study could be possibly attributed to the fact that CQ remained widely used at the community level more than 14 years after withdrawal.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Genetic Polymorphisms of Pfcrt K76T and Pfmdr1 N86Y among Asymptomatic School Children in Forest Communities of Ekondo Titi Subdivision along the Cameroon-Nigeria Border Area

Tientche

Fru-Cho

Anong

et al. 2019

IJTDH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…ovale cases are emerging in recent years across the malaria endemic regions of the globe [ 57 , 58 ]. In India also, these two species of malaria parasites are reportedly in the process of expanding their range [ 59 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria diagnosis by PCR revealed differential distribution of mono and mixed species infections by Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in India

et al. 2018

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease, caused by five different species of the genus Plasmodium, and is endemic to many tropical and sub-tropical countries of the globe. At present, malaria diagnosis at the primary health care level in India is conducted by either microscopy or rapid diagnostic test (RDT). In recent years, molecular diagnosis (by PCR assay), has emerged as the most sensitive method for malaria diagnosis. India is highly endemic to malaria and shoulders the burden of two major malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. Previous studies using PCR diagnostic assay had unraveled several interesting facts on distribution of malaria parasites in India. However, these studies had several limitations from small sample size to limited geographical areas of sampling. In order to mitigate these limitations, we have collected finger-prick blood samples from 2,333 malaria symptomatic individuals in nine states from 11 geographic locations, covering almost the entire malaria endemic regions of India and performed all the three diagnostic tests (microscopy, RDT and PCR assay) and also have conducted comparative assessment on the performance of the three diagnostic tests. Since PCR assay turned out to be highly sensitive (827 malaria positive cases) among the three types of tests, we have utilized data from PCR diagnostic assay for analyses and inferences. The results indicate varied distributional prevalence of P. vivax and P. falciparum according to locations in India, and also the mixed species infection due to these two species. The proportion of P. falciparum to P. vivax was found to be 49:51, and percentage of mixed species infections due to these two parasites was found to be 13% of total infections. Considering India is set for malaria elimination by 2030, the present malaria epidemiological information is of high importance.

show abstract

“…Mixed species infections of human malaria parasites are well-documented in natural (8)(9)(10)(11)(12) and experimental [e.g., (13,14)] settings. They are studied regarding diagnosis (15)(16)(17), treatment (18), immune response (19), virulence (12,20), transmission (21)(22)(23), and in discussions of public health policy (6). The virulence of malaria infection is also of interest in the context of co-infection with other pathogens, such as HIV and Schistosoma (24)(25)(26).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Consequences of Mixed-Species Malaria Parasite Co-Infections in Mice and Mosquitoes for Disease Severity, Parasite Fitness, and Transmission Success

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The distributions of human malaria parasite species overlap in most malarious regions of the world, and co-infections involving two or more malaria parasite species are common. Little is known about the consequences of interactions between species during co-infection for disease severity and parasite transmission success. Anti-malarial interventions can have disproportionate effects on malaria parasite species and may locally differentially reduce the number of species in circulation. Thus, it is important to have a clearer understanding of how the interactions between species affect disease and transmission dynamics. Controlled competition experiments using human malaria parasites are impossible, and thus we assessed the consequences of mixed-species infections on parasite fitness, disease severity, and transmission success using the rodent malaria parasite species Plasmodium chabaudi, Plasmodium yoelii, and Plasmodium vinckei. We compared the fitness of individual species within single species and coinfections in mice. We also assessed the disease severity of single vs. mixed infections in mice by measuring mortality rates, anemia, and weight loss. Finally, we compared the transmission success of parasites in single or mixed species infections by quantifying oocyst development in Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. We found that co-infections of P. yoelii with either P. vinckei or P. chabaudi led to a dramatic increase in infection virulence, with 100% mortality observed in mixed species infections, compared to no mortality for P. yoelii and P. vinckei single infections, and 40% mortality for P. chabaudi single infections. The increased mortality in the mixed infections was associated with an inability to clear parasitaemia, with the non-P. yoelii parasite species persisting at higher parasite densities than in single infections. P. yoelii growth was suppressed in all mixed infections compared to single infections. Transmissibility of P. vinckei and P. chabaudi to mosquitoes was also reduced in the presence of P. yoelii in co-infections compared to single infections. The increased virulence of co-infections containing P. yoelii Tang et al. Mixed-Species Malaria Infections (reticulocyte restricted) and P. chabaudi or P. vinckei (predominantly normocyte restricted) may be due to parasite cell tropism and/or immune modulation of the host. We explain the reduction in transmission success of species in co-infections in terms of inter-species gamete incompatibility.

show abstract

Can Mixed Parasite Infections Thwart Targeted Malaria Elimination Program in India?

Cited by 18 publications

References 64 publications

Genetic Polymorphisms of Pfcrt K76T and Pfmdr1 N86Y among Asymptomatic School Children in Forest Communities of Ekondo Titi Subdivision along the Cameroon-Nigeria Border Area

Genetic Polymorphisms of Pfcrt K76T and Pfmdr1 N86Y among Asymptomatic School Children in Forest Communities of Ekondo Titi Subdivision along the Cameroon-Nigeria Border Area

Malaria diagnosis by PCR revealed differential distribution of mono and mixed species infections by Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in India

The Consequences of Mixed-Species Malaria Parasite Co-Infections in Mice and Mosquitoes for Disease Severity, Parasite Fitness, and Transmission Success

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About