Can Nanosecond Laser Achieve High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Modules with Aperture Area Efficiency Over 21%?

Abstract

which is at a level that is comparable to the state-of-the-art silicon solar cells. Presently, the potential for mass production of perovskite solar modules (PSMs) is being intensively explored, and the PCE is steadily improving (Figure S1, Supporting Information). The development of high throughput manufacturing technologies is crucial to fulfilling the prerequisites of mass production of photovoltaic panels with short tact times and good reproducibility. High precision, fine resolution laser scribing technology has the advantages of low cost, fast operating speed, and small area loss, making it far superior to other structuring methods to realize commercial-scale production of high-performance thin film solar cells. [5] The laser photons are absorbed by the solar cell materials and their energy is first absorbed by free electrons, and then transferred to the lattice, leading to material gasification. [6] Thus, the longer the pulse duration, that is, the more the laser pulse exceeds the duration of the electron-lattice interaction, the more likely it is to generate a larger heat-affected zone (HAZ), as excess energy diffuses into the material in the form of lattice vibrations. Therefore, lasers generating ultrashort (picosecond or femtosecond) pulses are more attractive for processing devices that are sensitive to the presence of a HAZ rather than the short pulse laser (nanosecond). Organic-inorganic hybrid PSCs have been developed for over 10 years, and have reached the stage of industrialization. [7] However, in-depth research on laser processing for module manufacturing is lacking. For instance, the question of whether picosecond (ps) or femtosecond (fs) lasers are critically required to fabricate a high geometric filling factor (GFF) and photovoltaic performance PSMs has not been studied systematically.Ballif et al. first reported laser-scribed PSMs in 2015 with a GFF of 84% by using a nanosecond (ns) pulse laser. [8] In 2021, Huang et al. gained an active area PCE of 20.4% for a PSM by utilizing a femtosecond (fs) pulse laser, starting from a PCE of PSC of 23.35%. [9] Recently, an active area PCE of 21.4% was achieved by Nazeeruddin et al. for their PSMs, while the GFF was as high as 90.2%. [10] Seok et al. achieved an aperture area efficiency of 20.4% and a GFF of 94.36% by using a ps pulse laser. [11] It can be concluded that the improvement of aperture area PCE's of PSMs still suffers from considerable cell-tomodule (CTM) efficiency losses and/or low GFF even when Overcoming cell-to-module (CTM) efficiency losses is indispensable to realize large-area high-efficiency perovskite photovoltaic devices for commercialization. Laser scribing technology is used to fabricate perovskite modules, but it does not seem to solve the problem of high-quality interconnection and high geometric filling factor (GFF), which are the prerequisites for overcoming CTM losses. In reality, what kind of laser technology is needed to fabricate highefficiency perovskite solar modules is still an open question. Herein, this work dem...

Understanding the Interfacial Reactions and Band Alignment for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells Built on Metal Substrates with Reduced Upscaling Losses

“…[ 17 ‐– 19 ] The inhomogeneity of solution‐processed film with a nanoscale thickness (perovskite thickness ≈500 nm, and transport layers ≈10 nm) and the laser scribing‐induced damages significantly reduced the PCE and yield of the monolithic‐series‐connected panel. [ 20,21 ]…”

“…[17--19] The inhomogeneity of solution-processed film with a nanoscale thickness (perovskite thickness ≈500 nm, and transport layers ≈10 nm) and the laser scribing-induced damages significantly reduced the PCE and yield of the monolithic-seriesconnected panel. [20,21] Building a perovskite solar cell on a metal substrate (denoted as POM device) provides a promising alternative to overcome these challenges. The commonly used metal films (Au, Ag, Cu, Al, Mo, Ti, and stainless steel) can steadily achieve sheet resistance <0.5 Ω sq −1 , which has the potential to vastly reduce series resistance loss (PCE and FF losses) upon upscaling.…”

Iodide Manipulation Using Zinc Additives for Efficient Perovskite Solar Minimodules

“…15-20% with an aperture area between 20-50 cm 2 . [5][6][7][8][9] None of these studies addresses other important issues, such as iodide interstitial defects to reduce the cell-to-module efficiency loss.…”

Synergetic Passivation of Metal‐Halide Perovskite with Fluorinated Phenmethylammonium toward Efficient Solar Cells and Modules

“…module fabrication. [5][6][7] To minimize the defects and suppress the recombination reactions, many strategies including surface passivation, composition engineering, perovskite film deposition optimization have been proposed, and great progress have been achieved in recent years. [8][9][10] The surfaces and grain boundaries are the places where defects are most easily formed, and passivation of the surface defects is always the most important task in any type of solar cells.…”