Can we learn about herbivory on eucalypts from research on birches, or how general are general plant‐herbivore theories?

Haukioja, Erkki; Hanhimäki, Sinikka; Walter, Gimme H.

doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1994.tb01536.x

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The utility of these hypotheses for making realistic predictions about speci®c systems has been questioned (Courtney and Kibota 1990;Stamp 1992;Haukioja et al 1994). Moreover, the extent to which these hypotheses are testable is limited by a lack of understanding of, and an inability to directly assess the mechanisms involved.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Moreover, ambiguous or erroneous conclusions may be drawn by inadequately accounting for plant responses at several levels of biological organization Coleman et al 1992), overlooking ontogenetic constraints on resource partitioning Larson 1975, 1981;Gershenzon 1994), or by not accounting for potential turnover of metabolic pools (Reichardt et al 1991;Gershenzon 1994). Addressing the theoretical aspects of the CNB hypothesis has been hampered by limitations of experimental approaches for studying plant/insect interactions (Jones and Coleman 1991;A Ê gren 1994;Haukioja et al 1994;Mole 541994). The use of 14 C has provided valuable insight into the allocation of carbon to plant structures and the partitioning to metabolic pools for trees growing under conditions that can alter resource availability (e.g., Roberts 1964;Edwards et al 1992;Coleman et al 1995;Samuelson and Kelly 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Partitioning of 14 C-labeled photosynthate to allelochemicals and primary metabolites in source and sink leaves of aspen: evidence for secondary metabolite turnover

Kleiner

Raffa

Dickson³

1999

Oecologia

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Theories on allelochemical concentrations in plants are often based upon the relative carbon costs and benefits of multiple metabolic fractions. Tests of these theories often rely on measuring metabolite concentrations, but frequently overlook priorities in carbon partitioning. We conducted a pulse-labeling experiment to follow the partitioning of CO-labeled photosynthate into ten metabolic pools representing growth and maintenance (amino acids, organic acids, lipids plus pigments, protein, residue), defense (phenolic glycosides, methanol:water and acetone-soluble tannins/phenolics), and transport and storage (sugars and starch) in source and importing sink leaves of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). The peak period of C incorporation into sink leaves occurred at 24 h. Within 48 h of labeling, the specific radioactivity (dpm/mg dry leaf weight) of phenolic glycosides declined by over one-third in source and sink leaves. In addition, the specific radioactivity in the tannin/phenolic fraction decreased by 53% and 28% in source and sink leaves, respectively. On a percent recovery basis, sink leaves partitioned 1.7 times as much labeled photosynthate into phenolic glycosides as source leaves at peakC incorporation. In contrast, source leaves partitioned 1.8 times as much C-labeled photosynthate into tannins/phenolics as importing sink leaves. At the end of the 7-day chase period, sink leaves retained 18%, 52%, and 30% of importedC photosynthate, and labeled source leaves retained 15%, 66%, and 19% of in situ photosynthate in metabolic fractions representing transport and storage, growth and maintenance, and defense, respectively. Analyses of the phenolic fractions showed that total phenolics were twice as great and condensed tannins were 1.7 times greater in sink than in source leaves. The concentration of total phenolics and condensed tannins did not change in source and sink leaves during the 7-day chase period.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Partitioning of 14 C-labeled photosynthate to allelochemicals and primary metabolites in source and sink leaves of aspen: evidence for secondary metabolite turnover

Kleiner

Raffa

Dickson³

1999

Oecologia

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“…Specialist herbivores are not necessarily deterred by high concentrations of defense compounds, but may overlook plants with low enough concentrations of specific compounds needed as recognition cues (van der Meijden 1996). Misleading the recognition system of the herbivore may thus be the best and most successful defense for a plant (Haukioja et al 1994). Insects can perceive rather subtle variations in chemical composition of their food plants (Schoonhoven 1982, Harborne and and use this capacity in their oviposition or feeding behavior (Schultz 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trade-Offs in Phenolic Metabolism of Silver Birch: Effects of Fertilization, Defoliation, and Genotype

Keinänen

Julkunen‐Tiitto

Mutikäinen

et al. 1999

Ecology

121

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We examined the chemical responses of 10 silver birch (Betula pendula) clones to fertilization and defoliation in a field experiment. In defoliation, every second leaf was removed from the saplings. Three days later, two undamaged short-shoot leaves were collected, air-dried, and analyzed for condensed tannins and 34 nontannin phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography. The clones showed substantial variation in phenolic composition of the leaves and in chemical responses to fertilization and defoliation. A cluster analysis by UPGMA indicated that the phenolic profiles of birch leaves were affected more by genotype than fertilization or defoliation, and the clones could thus be distinguished from each other. In addition, on the basis of their overall phenolic composition, the clones were clustered loosely in three clone groups.The leaves of fertilized saplings contained lower levels of condensed tannins than controls, as predicted by carbon/nutrient balance (CNB) hypothesis. However, fertilization had no effect on the total amount of nontannin phenolics. The concentrations of (ϩ)catechin, 3,4Ј-dihydroxypropiophenone 3-glucoside (DHPPG), 3-cinnamoylquinic acids, and flavone aglycones were lower in fertilized saplings, whereas the opposite was true for 5-cinnamoylquinic acids and the total amount of flavonol glycosides. Although our results provide support for the CNB hypothesis, they also show that the accumulation of phenolic compounds in birch leaves is strongly coordinated. Different branches of the biosynthetic pathway of phenolic compounds may compete for substrates, and such internal metabolic trade-offs may explain the differential accumulation of the compounds. In fertilized saplings, the concentration of condensed tannins was also negatively correlated with the amount of triterpenoid resin droplets measured from the same saplings. We suggest that a linkage via malonyl-CoA between the biosynthetic routes to terpenoids and flavonoid derivatives, such as condensed tannins, may explain the different responses to fertilization reported for terpenoids and phenolics.Undamaged leaves of partially defoliated saplings contained more DHPPG and flavone aglycones and less cinnamic acid derivatives and (ϩ)-catechin than did leaves of control saplings. The induction of DHPPG and flavonoid aglycones was significantly and negatively correlated with the concentration of myricetin glycosides in fertilized saplings, which may indicate a trade-off between induced and constitutive defense. Moreover, in fertilized saplings, the three clone groups formed by UPGMA clustering differed significantly in the magnitude of induction of DHPPG and flavone aglycones. Different birch genotypes may thus have different modes of chemical defense, and the magnitude of chemical response of a genotype may partly depend on resource availability. In general, our results show that new insights in the theory of chemical defense can be gained by accomplishing studies on plant-herbivore interaction with high chemical resolution.

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“…Induced plant resistance has been demonstrated in deciduous trees (e.g. Kaitaniemi et al 1998) but not evergreens, including in eucalypts (Haukioja et al 1994). In the case of E. globulus, Jones et al (2002) found no differences in the abundance of benzyl alkanoates between damaged and undamaged foliage sampled from the same plant, or between ramets of the same genotype growing at the same site but differing in levels of defoliation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Susceptibility of Eucalyptus globulus to Mnesampela privata defoliation in relation to a specific foliar wax compound

Allen

Potts

Rapley

2004

Evolutionary, Mechanistic and Environmental Approaches to Chemi

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Increased abundance of several aliphatic benzyl and phenylethyl alkanoates were previously associated with reduced defoliation of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. by the autumn gum moth (Mnesampela privata Guenée) in two clonally replicated F 2 families. We examine the robustness of this association by comparing the abundance of the implicated foliar wax compounds with defoliation levels in three plantation sites and a genetics trial in northern Tasmania. At all locations, the aliphatic alkanoate, benzyl n-tetracosanoate (C 24 ), was found in significantly higher abundance in the foliar wax of E. globulus trees that had displayed low M. privata damage (designated resistant) compared to trees that had displayed high damage (designated susceptible). Further, when sites were combined, benzyl n-tetracosanoate (C 24 ) accounted for 16 % of variation in field defoliation. Field defoliation was also positively correlated to M. privata oviposition both in the field and on foliage sprigs in a cage. In the cage bioassay, oviposition accounted for 20 % of variation in field defoliation making it a better predictor of tree defoliation in the field than either field oviposition, which accounted for 9 % of variation, or screening foliage for the abundance of benzyl n-tetracosanoate (C 24 ). Despite both benzyl n-tetracosanoate (C 24 ) and oviposition being related to field defoliation, there was no statistically significant relationship between the abundance of benzyl n-tetracosanoate (C 24 ) and oviposition in the field or cage bioassay. Further work is therefore required to determine if increased levels of this compound in the foliar wax operates as a direct deterrent to M. privata oviposition.

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Can we learn about herbivory on eucalypts from research on birches, or how general are general plant‐herbivore theories?

Cited by 9 publications

References 89 publications

Partitioning of 14 C-labeled photosynthate to allelochemicals and primary metabolites in source and sink leaves of aspen: evidence for secondary metabolite turnover

Partitioning of 14 C-labeled photosynthate to allelochemicals and primary metabolites in source and sink leaves of aspen: evidence for secondary metabolite turnover

Trade-Offs in Phenolic Metabolism of Silver Birch: Effects of Fertilization, Defoliation, and Genotype

Susceptibility of Eucalyptus globulus to Mnesampela privata defoliation in relation to a specific foliar wax compound

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