Canadian Female Gang Inmates: Risk, Needs, and the Potential for Prison Rehabilitation

Scott, Terri-Lynne; Ruddell, Rick

doi:10.1080/10509674.2011.583717

Cited by 28 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Herrmann and colleagues (1997), in their study of juvenile gang involvement, examine gang membership from the perspective of self-concept, arguing that low self-esteem and poor self-concept is alleviated in the emotional bonds created in gang membership; however, findings suggested that low self-concept does not completely explain gang membership. Scott and Ruddell (2011), in their examination of female gang membership, offer a more complex psychological theory, considering status, peer relationships, a sense of community, social support, and acquisition of material needs. They also highlight feminist perspectives, explaining gang membership as empowering, a means to resist dominant stereotypes, and as a safe refuge from often abusive circumstances.…”

Section: Understanding Gang Entrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maxson and colleagues' (1998) study of street gangs revealed that gang members often experience more stressful life events and perceive more barriers to future success. A negative attitude toward the justice system (Scott & Ruddell, 2011;Ward & Bakhuis, 2010) and mainstream social institutions (Bracken, Deane, & Morrissette, 2009;Scott & Ruddell, 2011) is also a common risk factor, with gang members being more likely to be involved in serious and violent crime and to have longer criminal careers (Scott & Ruddell, 2011;Totten & Dunn, 2011).…”

Section: Risk Factors For Gang Entrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individuals may be lured to the gang by the economic opportunities associated with the drug trade and ultimately become addicted themselves (Katz, Webb, & Decker, 2005), while others may join the gang as a way to support their existing addiction (Ward & Bakhuis, 2010). Either way, addiction and substance abuse issues often begin and/or are reinforced by gang membership (Katz et al, 2005;Scott & Ruddell, 2011;Totten & Dunn, 2011).…”

Section: Risk Factors For Gang Entrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By definition, gang members socialize with negative peers and often get in to trouble with their friends (Maxson et al, 1998;Scott & Ruddell, 2011). However, the cohesive and supportive nature of a gang addresses feelings of isolation and a need for belonging (Badger & Albright, 2003;Spergel, 1992;Vigil, 1988;Ward & Bakhuis, 2010).…”

Section: Risk Factors For Gang Entrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As discussed by Hastings, Dunbar, and Bania (2011), a key feature of criminal youth organizations is that they are a collective solution to shared issues. Substance abuse is often a source of cohesion among the group (Scott & Ruddell, 2011;Spergel, 1992). However, Maxson and colleagues' (1998) study of street gang youth revealed that gang members are more likely to denigrate their friendship group, and acknowledge that they are negative influences.…”

Section: Risk Factors For Gang Entrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exiting Gangs: Examining Processes and Best Practice Within an Alberta Context

MacRae-Krisa¹

2013

IJCYFS

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Gangs and gang-related crime have been an increasing concern in Alberta in recent decades. Gang exit strategies have been identified in the Alberta Gang Reduction Strategy (Government of Alberta, 2010) as a key activity in reducing gang-related violent crime and violence in the province. The purpose of this article is to explore available academic and gray literature on gang exit to support the development of gang exit interventions in the province. Findings from the review point to the diversity and complexity of gang involvement and membership, and the consequent need for multidimensional approaches to gang exit. Exit programs must address the root causes of membership, and identify and address barriers to pro-social activities. The complexity of gang membership also requires a strategic approach to programming that includes single case management, intensive training, and targeted outreach, as well as multiple systems involvement. Importantly, as Alberta moves forward with its Gang Reduction Strategy, systematic, comprehensive research studies on the "gang problem" in Alberta and its associated impact on the community are vital for the development of effective intervention strategies.Keywords: gangs, Alberta, gang exit, gang exit processes, gang exit strategies Leslie MacRae-Krisa, M.A. is coordinator of Alberta-based research projects for the Canadian Research Institute for Law and the Family. Contact details:

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Section: Understanding Gang Entrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Risk Factors For Gang Entrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Risk Factors For Gang Entrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Risk Factors For Gang Entrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Risk Factors For Gang Entrymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Exiting Gangs: Examining Processes and Best Practice Within an Alberta Context

MacRae-Krisa¹

2013

IJCYFS

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Not All Substance Dependence Problems are Recognized as Risks—Comparing a Medical Health Study with Prison Assessments

Obstbaum

Tyni²,

Mattila

et al. 2015

Eur J Crim Policy Res

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Substance abuse is viewed as one of the main factors (criminogenic needs) to be assessed and targeted in prison. Prison assessments of risk and needs are known to validly predict reoffending. However, there seems to be lacking research in how reliably the individual prisoner's problems, such as substance abuse, are represented in the assessments. In this study, we compare an independent medical health study (N=510) with in-prison assessments for the Eur J Crim Policy Res same persons to see whether some of the inmates' substance abuse disorders were overlooked in prison. We found that sentence plans (257) were in poor agreement with the health study (Kappa 0.315); they recognized only 65 % of all diagnoses. The risk and needs assessments (178) were in closer agreement with the health study, however, alcoholism diagnoses were recognized less accurately (Kappa 0.519) and less frequently (78 %) than drug diagnoses (Kappa 0.627, 87 %). The main factors predicting an assessment of substance abuse risks in prison, analysed through logistic regression were: longer stay in prison and one or more dependence diagnoses. We conclude that, a number of potentially criminogenic dependence problems remain unrecognized since some groups of prisoners are either completely left out from the more thorough instrument, the risk-and-needs assessment, or are not assessed thoroughly enough. This puts prisoners in unequal positions, since all interventions in prison are based on assessments. The study alerts us of the selectiveness of prisoner assessments in practical settings; the unrecognition of problems of shorter sentenced prisoners and prisoners with alcohol dependence.

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Rio’s New Social Order: How Religion Signals Disengagement from Prison Gangs

Johnson

Densley

2018

Qual Sociol

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Canadian Female Gang Inmates: Risk, Needs, and the Potential for Prison Rehabilitation

Cited by 28 publications

References 30 publications

Exiting Gangs: Examining Processes and Best Practice Within an Alberta Context

Exiting Gangs: Examining Processes and Best Practice Within an Alberta Context

Not All Substance Dependence Problems are Recognized as Risks—Comparing a Medical Health Study with Prison Assessments

Rio’s New Social Order: How Religion Signals Disengagement from Prison Gangs

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