Cancer and the microbiota

Abstract

A host’s microbiota may increase, diminish, or have no effect at all on cancer susceptibility. Assigning causal roles in cancer to specific microbes and microbiotas, unraveling host-microbiota interactions with environmental factors in carcinogenesis, and exploiting such knowledge for cancer diagnosis and treatment are areas of intensive interest. This Review considers how microbes and the microbiota may amplify or mitigate carcinogenesis, responsiveness to cancer therapeutics, and cancer-associated complications.

Review of the gut microbiome and esophageal cancer: Pathogenesis and potential clinical implications

“…Immunotherapy (eg antibodies to PD‐L1) ranks among the most exciting and successful developments in cancer care over the past decade. Antibiotic‐mediated disruption of the microbiota impaired the effectiveness of CpG oligonucleotide immunotherapy in mice with subcutaneous tumors 25, 67. Fourth, the microbiota is a potential biomarker of diagnosis or clinical outcome.…”

“…The normal gut microbiota carries out specific functions in host nutrient metabolism, xenobiotic and drug metabolism, structural integrity maintenance of the gut mucosal barrier, immunomodulation, and protection against pathogens 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Recently, the gut microbiome has been shown to play a crucial role in health, as well as in diseases such as obesity,16 inflammatory bowel disease,17, 18 diabetes,19, 20 non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease,21, 22, 23 and several types of cancers 24, 25. Experimental evidence indicates that the human intestinal microbiome can influence tumor development and progression in the gastrointestinal tract by damaging DNA, activating oncogenic signaling pathways, producing tumor‐promoting metabolites, and suppressing the antitumor immune response 7, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29.…”

“…Recently, the gut microbiome has been shown to play a crucial role in health, as well as in diseases such as obesity,16 inflammatory bowel disease,17, 18 diabetes,19, 20 non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease,21, 22, 23 and several types of cancers 24, 25. Experimental evidence indicates that the human intestinal microbiome can influence tumor development and progression in the gastrointestinal tract by damaging DNA, activating oncogenic signaling pathways, producing tumor‐promoting metabolites, and suppressing the antitumor immune response 7, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. As the gastrointestinal microbiota can be modified through the rational deployment of antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics,30, 31, 32 a better understanding of the relationship between human cancer and the microbiome may have clinical implications.…”

The effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Chronic Diseases: Cardiovascular Diseases, Oxidative Stress, Dyslipidemia, Diabetes Mellitus, Blood Pressure, Cancer, Neurodegenerative Disease and Obesity

“…Bacteria can either promote or suppress cell growth and metastasis through bacterial toxins induced by the secretion of bacterial proteins leading to changes in gene expression, altering the tumor (inflammation, immune functions , or by altering host metabolism [229], and by promoting the production of endogenous factors that cause carcinogenesis (such as bile acids and steroid hormones) [230], and since diet influences both the type and the number of intestinal microorganisms [230] [231] the microbiome in the development of cancer, including host genome interactions with microbiota [232]. Thus, one of the main intermediate step in the the link between diet and cancer remain in research, and require technologies in the prevention and development of cancer to provide u ideas and data relevant to the relationship between food intake and cancer risk and progression.…”

The influence of gut-decontamination prophylactic antibiotics on acute graft-versus-host disease and survival following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

“…1 The complex interactions between theses microbes, known as the intestinal microbiota, and the host contribute to immune system homeostasis; this relationship is the focus of a growing number of cancer therapy research initiatives. [1][2][3] In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT), acute graftversus-host disease (aGVHD) remains the principal hurdle for favorable patient outcome. In early the stages of aGVHD, the disruption of the GI barrier caused by the conditioning regimen results in the leakage of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other microbe/pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPS and PAMPs) into the systemic circulation.…”