Cancer risk analysis of some drinking water resources in Gümüşhane, Turkey

Abstract

Water; it is the basic necessity of living things that exist in the world like air and food. An adult person consumes an average of 2 L of water per day by drinking. This consumed water contains a number of radionuclides. For this reason, it is important to determine the effect of these radionuclides on human biological structure. In studies up to now, researchers calculate activity concentrations of radionuclides in drinking water and calculate annual equivalent doses based on these activity concentrations. However, it is always overlooked that this consumption is constant in calculations. This results in the inability of drinking water to fully determine the effect on human health. In this study, a new and comprehensive perspective was introduced in the gamma analysis of drinking water. This viewpoint includes the activity concentration, the annual equivalent dose, lifetime average annual dose, and lifetime cancer risk assessment depending on age groups. Thus, it is aimed that the radionuclides present in water can make more reliable calculations on affecting human health and water cleaning in terms of radiation. The proposed model was applied to some drinking water sources in Gümüşhane. We found out that the obtained values of annual effective dose equivalent in all samples do not exceed the WHO recommended levels. The risk of cumulative cancer at the end of the 70th year of a person using these drinking water sources has been about determined as 1 in 100,000. Positive correlations were obtained between 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 40 K concentrations versus pH. In addition, a negative correlation was obtained 40 K concentration with conductivity.

Evaluation of Radiological Health Risks in Popularly Consumed Brands of Sachet Water in Nigeria

“…The average value, 66.22 Bq L −1 evaluated for 40 K is extremely higher than 0.194, 0.105, and 0.229 Bq L −1 reported from Jordan in tap water, drilled well-containing tap water, and rainwater, respectively ( 46 ). Also, the value exceeds the reported value of 14.16 Bq L −1 from Yemen in drinking surface water samples ( 18 ); 0.103 Bq L −1 reported from Turkey in surface and tap water ( 13 ); and 0.141, 2.19, 47.52, and 0.688 Bq L −1 in bottled water reported from Pakistan, Turkey, Iran, and Egypt, respectively ( 37 , 47 – 49 ). In the case of the radium isotopes ( 226 Ra and 228 Ra), which have attracted global health concern at high levels in water and food substances, a close observation in Table 1 shows that the concentrations of 228 Ra in 57% (20 samples) of the investigated samples are higher than the corresponding concentrations of 226 Ra.…”

“…The knowledge of the concentrations of these radioisotopes in water bodies is essential for the evaluation of radiation hazards or exposure to the population. To avoid the overexposure to hazardous radium via consumption of drinking water, many studies on radioactivity levels in water have been conducted in different parts of the world including Nigeria (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). The results from such studies were compared with the international reference levels assigned for various radionuclides by regulatory bodies like the World Health Organization (WHO) and European Commission (EU).…”

Assessment of Heavy Metals and Radionuclides Concentration in Selected Mineral Waters Available on the Polish Market

“…Effective Dose Rate (µSva −1 ) Poland 3.92 ± 1.34 Japan [54] 5.6 Portugal [55] 4.27 Turkey [56] 4.62 Iran [57] 150 World [58] 290…”