Cancer Risk Assessment of Toxaphene

Buranatrevedh, Surasak

doi:10.2486/indhealth.42.321

Cited by 16 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The Hazard Quotient (HQ) was used to assess risk associated with non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health effect. For non-carcinogenic health effects the HQ was obtained by dividing the EDI by the ADI [106] while for the carcinogenic effect, the HQ was calculated by multiplying the EDI by the cancer slope factor (CSF) [100] , [15] . The HQ for non-cancer and cancer risk were estimated for the average, maximum, 50th and 95th percentiles of the measured exposure concentrations (MEC) of pesticide residues in each tissue to assess the risk posed to human health on consumption of contaminated cattle tissue.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human health risks associated with residual pesticide levels in edible tissues of slaughtered cattle in Benin City, Southern Nigeria

Tongo

Ezemonye

2015

Toxicology Reports

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Pesticide residues in meat is of growing concern due to possible adverse effects on humans. Pesticide levels were assessed in five edible cattle parts: muscle, liver, kidney and tongue tissues to determine human health risk associated with consumption of these tissues. Health risk estimates were analysed using estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) for two (2) age/weight categories: 1–11years/30 kg for children while 70 kg was used for adult. Risks were categorized for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health effects and measured at the average, maximum, 50th and 95th percentiles of the measured exposure concentrations (MEC). Total pesticide residues ranged from 2.38 to 3.86 μg/kg (muscle), 3.58 to 6.3 μg/kg (liver), 1.87 to 4.59 μg/kg (kidney) and 2.54 to 4.35 μg/kg (tongue). Residual pesticide concentrations in the tissues were in the order: Liver > Tongue > Muscle > Kidney. The concentrations of all the assessed pesticides observed in the tissues were however lower than the recommended maximum residual limits (MRLs). Human health risk estimations for the children showed EDI values for heptachlor epoxide, aldrin and dieldrin exceeding threshold values. Non-cancer risk posed to children on consumption of contaminated cattle parts showed HQ values for heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin and HI values for organochlorines exceeding 1, indicating the possibility of non-carcinogenic health risks to consumers especially children from consumption of cattle meat from the selected abattoirs.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human health risks associated with residual pesticide levels in edible tissues of slaughtered cattle in Benin City, Southern Nigeria

Tongo

Ezemonye

2015

Toxicology Reports

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“…The value of the slope factor was 1.2 per mg/kg-day, essentially the same as the 1991 EPA slope factor. In 2004, Buranatrevedh (2004) derived a CSF of 0.86 per mg/kg-day from the original rodent data, also a similar value. The major and insurmountable difficulty with all of these derivations is that all are based on application of TT to rodents and may not be appropriate for evaluating the potential toxicity of WT to humans.…”

Section: Cancer Slope Factors For Technical Toxaphenementioning

confidence: 97%

Development of a reference dose for the persistent congeners of weathered toxaphene based on in vivo and in vitro effects related to tumor promotion

Simon

Manning²

2006

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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Toxaphene is a mixture of chlorinated camphenes and bornanes that was produced and used in the United States until 1982. 1.3 million tons of toxaphene have been released worldwide. "Technical" toxaphene (TT) consists of a mixture of up to 800 different chemicals, known as congeners. TT weathers in the environment by both biotic and abiotic processes. The human body burden of toxaphene consists of only five persistent congeners that are not metabolized; three of these occur in considerably greater amounts than the other two. Because of the rapid metabolism and excretion of the non-persistent congeners, the persistent congeners that make up the human body burden most likely play a role in eliciting any potential adverse effects. EPA's toxicity assessment for TT is based on the occurrence of liver cancer in rodents, and considerable doubt exists whether this assessment is applicable to weathered toxaphene (WT). Using experimental results from European Union scientists, a reference dose (RfD) was developed for WT based on the three most persistent congeners that comprise the human body burden. The critical effect chosen was tumor promotion and this endpoint is considered protective for other endpoints as well. Although RfDs are typically derived for non-carcinogenic effects, the endpoint of tumor promotion is appropriate for RfD development because the experimental data suggest a dose threshold. The RfD for weathered toxaphene represented by the sum of the three major persistent congeners ( summation 3PC) is 2E-05 mg/kg-day. To apply this reference dose to a particular WT mixture, information is needed regarding the percentage of summation 3PC in the mixture.

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“…They have been variously linked to the following effects: cancer; nervous system damages; reproductive and immune system impairments; and hormonal imbalances. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] As such, there have been concerns about the levels of exposure, identifying the pathways of exposure, and efforts to reduce exposures. It is often believed that the main route of exposure to POPs is via the diet, but there are several other possibilities.…”

Section: Human Exposure and Health Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational and indoor air exposure to persistent organic pollutants: A review of passive sampling techniques and needs

2007

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Exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and related compounds such as PCBs, brominated flame retardants, organochlorine pesticides and PAHs is regarded as an important environmental risk factor for humans. Recently concerns about POPs resulted in the international protocol called the Stockholm Convention on POPs. Air quality standards (indoor, outdoor and occupational) for PAHs and other POPs will also be applied in the EU in the future. This will bring requirements for monitoring, to check for compliance and to reduce human exposures to POPs. This can occur from point sources and in various microenvironments, indoors, outdoors and in workplaces. Monitoring can be undertaken either by an active (pumped) method or using a passive (diffusive) air sampling (PAS) device. To date, PAS for POPs have mainly been used as integrating (long-term) samplers for ambient (outdoor) air. However, there are several reasons to develop PAS for monitoring of POPs in occupational and indoor environments. We discuss the potential advantages, limitations and developments needed, so that PAS can be used reliably and routinely indoors and in occupational settings for POPs.

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Cancer Risk Assessment of Toxaphene

Cited by 16 publications

References 6 publications

Human health risks associated with residual pesticide levels in edible tissues of slaughtered cattle in Benin City, Southern Nigeria

Human health risks associated with residual pesticide levels in edible tissues of slaughtered cattle in Benin City, Southern Nigeria

Development of a reference dose for the persistent congeners of weathered toxaphene based on in vivo and in vitro effects related to tumor promotion

Occupational and indoor air exposure to persistent organic pollutants: A review of passive sampling techniques and needs

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