Cancer stem cells in osteosarcoma

Abstract

Abstract:Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumour in children and adolescents and advanced osteosarcoma patients with evidence of metastasis share a poor prognosis.Osteosarcoma frequently gains resistance to standard therapies highlighting the need for improved treatment regimens and identification of novel therapeutic targets. Cancer stem cells (CSC) represent a sub-type of tumour cells attributed to critical steps in cancer including tumour propagation, therapy resistance, recurrence and in some cases metastasis. Recent published work demonstrates evidence of cancer stem cell phenotypes in osteosarcoma with links to drug resistance and tumorigenesis. In this review we will discuss the commonly used isolation techniques for cancer stem cells in osteosarcoma as well as the identified biochemical and molecular markers.

The contribution of immune infiltrates and the local microenvironment in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma

“…Whatever, several groups have demonstrated that extracellular vesicles represent an important way of communication between mesenchymal stem cells and osteosarcoma cells [51,52]. Under stress environment such as local acidosis associated to tumor growth and peritumoral osteolysis, mesenchymal stem cells could secrete extracellular vesicles carrying proteins, mRNA and microRNA modulating osteosarcoma cell proliferation and stemness [14,51,52]. Acquired stemness properties (e.g.…”

“…Indeed, based on the "seed and soil' theory of Paget, it is now well recognized that osteosarcoma, like other cancers, requires an adequate local microenvironment for its development [11,12]. This microenvironment can provide all metabolites and factors for the control of proliferation, drug resistance, dissemination or/and dormancy of osteosarcoma cells [5,[13][14][15]. Then, the pressure exerted by microenvironment may be responsible for a specific selection of osteosarcoma cells with predominant specificities such as a high quiescent or a proliferative profile.…”

Prospects for the involvement of cancer stem cells in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma

“…The combination of multipotency with LDA for the identification of CSCs is the best method of evaluation (Hill & Perris, ). Choosing each method to separate CSC from different cell classes shows us that each CSC has a different property and show a unique and specific feature (H. K. Brown, Tellez‐Gabriel, & Heymann, ).…”

Long non-coding RNA SOX21-AS1 modulates breast cancer stem cells properties and carcinogenesis via targeting SOX2

“…CSCs are characterized by self-renewal and differentiation potential, which endow the potential of drug resistance, relapse and metastasis for cancer cells [5]. Increasing evidence have illustrated the critical role of CSCs in the osteosarcoma tumorigenesis, involved in differentiation, invasion and metastasis [6,7].…”