Candida concentrations determined following concentrated oral rinse culture reflect clinical oral signs

Abstract

BackgroundOral candidiasis is an infection caused by a yeast-like fungus called Candida. Various methods can be used to isolate Candida from the oral cavity. However, it is difficult to correctly and satisfactorily diagnose oral candidiasis because currently no microbiological or laboratory standards based on samples from the oral cavity are available. The aim of this study is to establish a reliable laboratory test for diagnosing oral candidiasis.MethodsOral swab, rinse and concentrated rinse samples were obtained from 200 consecutive outpatients (103 male patients and 97 female patients; mean age, 47.2 years; age range, 9–89 years). Candida colonies from cultured samples were enumerated to compare the sensitivities and specificities of the above sampling methods, and the associations between Candida detection or concentration and the clinical oral signs were examined.ResultsThe mean colony numbers were 263 ± 590 CFU/swab for the swab method, 2894 ± 6705 CFU/100 μL for the rinse method, and 9245 ± 19,030 CFU/100 μL for the concentrated rinse method. The median numbers were 23 CFU/swab for the swab method, 56 CFU/100 μL for the rinse method, and 485 CFU/100 μL for the concentrated rinse method. Candida was detected in the oral cavity of 33.5 % and 52.0 % of the outpatients by the swab method and concentrated rinse, respectively. Candida concentrations determined by the concentrated rinse were closely related to the severity of the clinical oral signs. The positive predictive values of residual root, redness of the oral mucosa, denture, glossalgia, dry mouth, and taste disorder were useful predictors of oral candidiasis.ConclusionsConcentrated rinse sampling is suitable for evaluating oral candidiasis, and Candida concentrations examined using this method strongly associated with the oral signs associated with Candida infection.

Reduction in Percentage of Clusters of Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis Causing Candidemia in a General Hospital in Madrid, Spain

“…C. albicans and C. parapsilosis clusters were found mainly in surgical units, adult units, and the neonatal intensive care unit, as previously reported (5,21,27,28). We observed a reduction in the proportion of patients involved in clusters over period 2 not only overall, but also in the tracking clusters (15% versus 4% for C. albicans, and 22% versus 1.6% for C. parapsilosis, respectively).…”

“…The year with the highest number of candidemia episodes and incidence was 2007. The considerable difference between the (27) 95 (28) 61 (25) Incidence of candidemia incidence of catheter-related candidemia and the overall incidence of candidemia meant that the former could not account for the latter.…”

Oral bacterial diversity is inversely correlated with mucosal inflammation

“…Future studies should also investigate the role of the oral mycobiome. In this study, the detection rate of Candida species and colony counts using standard culture methods were similar in the three groups and below clinically significant counts (Tooyama et al, 2015). Nonetheless, mycobiome analyses would be important to complement the data of this study in order to determine the role of fungal diversity in the modulation of oral mucosal inflammation.…”

Candida prevalence and oral hygiene due to orthodontic therapy with conventional brackets

“…A study of oral swabs of 654 healthy individuals in age from 7 to 45 years old affirmed Candida carrier-state in the Polish population on average 30.6%(11). Similar result 33.5% of Candida prevalence were found by Tooyama et al(12) in Japanese patients by analysed of oral swabs (N = 200, average age 47.2 years old), while using the same group and concentrated rinse method, colonization of Candida sp. was much higher (52%).…”