Candida in oral pre-cancer and oral cancer

A Candid Assessment of the Link between Oral <i>Candida</i> Containing Biofilms and Oral Cancer

“…The exact involvement of other factors contributing to the initiation of carcinogenesis with Candida spp. also remains unclear [6]. Additional research is required to establish the validity of both claims.…”

“…Secondly, McCullough et al in 2002 proposed that oral yeast carriage was correlated with both existence and severity of oral epithelial dysplastic and neoplastic development [15]. In addition to these two studies, Sanjaya et al, Alnuami et al, Arzmi et al, Norgaard et al, Rodriguez et al, found a strong relationship between the presence of C. albicans in the oral cavity and the malignancy of precancerous lesions [6] [17]- [19]. This is consistent with research conducted by Williams et al, who showed that the elimination of Candida spp.…”

“…in carcinogenesis arguing that evidence did not point towards a causal relationship between the two [21]. In 2011, Sanjaya et al proposed that C. albicans had an indirect causal role in oral cancer along with other factors such as tobacco and alcohol usage [6].…”

“…Additional research is required to establish the validity of both claims. Furthermore, searches within the literature presented a correlation between C. albicans and the malignancy of precancerous lesions [6] [16]- [19]. A direct link between precancerous to cancerous lesions is absent in the literature and thus may also present as an area of research interest.…”

Unconventional Causes of Conventional Oral Cancer

“…Tobacco products are known to cause epithelial changes through the nitrosation potential. Thus they postulated that C. albicans in association with tobacco will enhance the process of carcinogenesis [24].…”