“…Thus, magnetic nanoparticles, such as iron oxide and ferric oxide, have been successfully introduced into immobilizing composites. In these studies, functionalized magnetic nanoparticles have been used for immobilization [ 26 ], including graphene-Fe 3 O 4 [ 27 ], silica-Fe 3 O 4 [ 28 ], and polymer grafted-Fe 3 O 4 [ 29 , 30 ]. However, most of these methods are complicated to operate and easily lead to inactivation of the biocatalyst, so a proper immobilization support can improve enzyme operational stability (via multipoint or multisubunit attachment), activity, specificity, lifetimes, productivity, structural rigidity, and even provided reduction of inhibition [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ].…”