Canine and Feline Parvoviruses Can Use Human or Feline Transferrin Receptors To Bind, Enter, and Infect Cells

Abstract

Canine parvovirus (CPV) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) are important pathogens of dogs and cats. CPV is a new virus of dogs that first appeared in 1978, having arisen as a variant of a virus that infected cats or a related carnivore (31). CPV and FPV are over 99% identical in DNA sequence, but they differ in host range (29,30). Both viruses can infect feline and mink cells in tissue culture, but only CPV can efficiently infect cultured canine cells (30). FPV infection of dogs is restricted to certain cells of the bone marrow and thymus (30). The molecular determinants of CPV host range have been mapped to three regions on the surface of the capsid structure. Single amino acid changes in these regions lead to loss of the ability of CPV to infect canine, but not feline, cells (8,19). Mutation of residues Asn933Asp and Asn3233Asp in the VP2 capsid protein of FPV to the corresponding amino acids found in the VP2 protein of CPV allows that mutant to infect dog cells (8). The surface location of these host range determinants suggests that host range may be determined by the ability to bind a cell surface receptor or other cellular ligand (1).During natural infections, CPV and FPV infect actively dividing cells of the lymphopoietic system and the crypt cells of the intestine (reviewed in reference 22). Initial virus replication occurs in the oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue, and the virus then spreads hematogenously to other lymphoid organs and the intestine. Autonomous parvoviruses (including CPV and FPV) can replicate only in mitotically active cells during the S phase of the cell cycle (9), and so the target organs in vivo are those that contain actively dividing cell populations.

Intracellular trafficking of adeno-associated viral vectors

“…60 Studies on CPV and FPV also suggest that viral endocytosis is dynamin dependent and clathrin mediated. 61,62 Fluorescent-labeled AAV has been used intensively in pulse/chase experiments to study AAV trafficking. Single AAV particle real-time tracking experiments have shown that AAV uptake into cells occurs in a very rapid manner (within 100 ms).…”

Canine Parvovirus: Current Perspective

“…The remaining two-thirds is present as large loops connecting the strands of the b-barrel. The loops form much of the capsid surface, onto which a number of biologic features, such as host species and tissue tropism, receptor binding and antigenic properties have been structurally and genetically mapped [66,70]. Replication occurs in the nucleus of dividing cells and infection leads to large intranuclear inclusion bodies.…”

A phylogenetic study of canine parvovirus type 2c in midwestern Brazil

“…This virus causes hemorrhagic diarrhea, vomiting and lymphopenia . After the initial appearance of CPV-2 in the mid-1980s, 2 antigenic variants were identified, CPV-2a and CPV-2b, which can be distinguished by monoclonal antibodies and at least five or six amino acid substitutions in the VP2 capsid protein gene (Parker et al 2001).…”