Cannabinoid concentrations in blood and urine after smoking cannabidiol joints

Meier, Ulf; Dussy, Franz; Scheurer, Eva; Mercer‐Chalmers‐Bender, Katja; Hangartner, Sarah

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.08.009

Cited by 40 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Another published pilot study by Meier et al. [ 34 ] also confirmed that after smoking CBD-rich marijuana, THC concentrations in the blood exceeded the Swiss legal limit, approaching 5 ng/mL in some cases. No accumulation was observed when consuming two joints per day on several consecutive days.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…The results showed that THC concentrations in blood of up to 6.8 ng/mL occurred after smoking CBD-rich marijuana, but, after less than 1 h, these concentrations had already fallen below the cut-off value of 2.2 ng/mL for determining incapacity to drive [33]. Another published pilot study by Meier et al [34] also confirmed that after smoking CBD-rich marijuana, THC concentrations in the blood exceeded the Swiss legal limit, approaching 5 ng/mL in some cases. No accumulation was observed when consuming two joints per day on several consecutive days.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Impact of smoking cannabidiol (CBD)-rich marijuana on driving ability

Gelmi

Weinmann

Pfäffli

2021

Forensic Sciences Research

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To investigate effects of smoking cannabidiol (CBD)-rich marijuana on driving ability and determine free CBD and Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations in capillary blood samples, a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover pilot study was conducted with 33 participants. Participants smoked a joint containing 500 mg of tobacco and either 500 mg of CBD-rich marijuana (16.6% total CBD; 0.9% total THC) or 500 mg of a placebo substance, then performed three different dimensions of the Vienna Test System TRAFFIC examining reaction time, behaviour under stress, and concentration performance. For further assessment of participants' fitness to drive, three tests of balance and coordination were evaluated and vital signs (blood pressure and pulse) were measured. Dried blood spot samples of capillary blood were taken after smoking and after completion of the tests to determine the cannabinoid concentrations (CBD, THC and THC-metabolites). The results revealed no significant differences between the effects of smoking CBD-rich marijuana and placebo on reaction time, motor time, behaviour under stress, or concentration performance. Maximum free CBD and THC concentrations in capillary blood were detected shortly after smoking, ranging between 2.6-440.0 ng/mL and 6.7-102.0 ng/mL, respectively. After 45 min, capillary blood concentrations had already declined and were in the range of 1.9-135.0 ng/mL (free CBD) and 0.9-38.0 ng/mL (free THC). Although the observed levels of free THC concentrations have been reported to cause symptoms of impairment in previous studies in which THC-rich marijuana was smoked, no signs of impairment were found in the current study. This finding suggests that higher CBD concentrations cause a negative allosteric effect in the endocannabinoid system, preventing the formation of such symptoms. Nevertheless, it is recommended that consumers refrain from driving for several hours after smoking CBD-rich marijuana, as legal THC concentration limits may be exceeded. KEY POINTS• No significant impact on driving ability was found after smoking CBD-rich marijuana.• No effects on vital signs were observed after smoking CBD-rich marijuana.• All participants exceeded the Driving Under the Influence of Drugs (DUID) legal limit for THC in blood after smoking CBD-rich marijuana.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Impact of smoking cannabidiol (CBD)-rich marijuana on driving ability

Gelmi

Weinmann

Pfäffli

2021

Forensic Sciences Research

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“…1 Lastly, research suggests that CBD-rich products with < 1% THC can produce detectable levels of blood THC (reaching 2.7 and 4.5 ng/mL THC in new and chronic users, respectively). 39 Such concentrations fall within the range of traffic violations in Canada and in states such as Montana, Nevada, and Ohio. 40,41 Finally, the current findings suggest poor understanding of the lack of impairment associated with CBD.…”

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confidence: 93%

Use and Perceptions of Cannabidiol Products in Canada and in the United States

Goodman

Wadsworth

Schauer

et al. 2022

Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research

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Objectives: This study aimed to characterize use and perceptions of cannabidiol (CBD) products. Materials and Methods: Participants aged 16-65 years in Canada (n = 15,042) and the United States (n = 30,288) completed measures on prevalence and patterns of CBD product use and perceptions of CBD oil as part of the 2019 International Cannabis Policy Study online survey. Results: Past 12-month CBD product use was significantly more prevalent among respondents in the United States (26.1%) than in Canada (16.2%). Consumers in the United States and Canada reported using a range of CBD products, including drops (46.3% vs. 47.3%, respectively), topicals (26.0% vs. 16.7%), edibles/foods (23.8% vs. 17.6%), vape oils (18.9% vs. 13.3%), capsules (13.3% vs. 16.7%), and dried flower (10.1% vs. 16.1%). CBD was most commonly reported for management of pain, anxiety, and depression. Over half of CBD consumers in both countries reported that CBD oil was beneficial for health. Conclusions: Use of CBD products is common in both the United States and Canada, primarily to manage selfreported health conditions for which there is little or no evidence of efficacy. Clearer public health messaging regarding the therapeutic effects of CBD is warranted.

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“…The same concentration of CBD was neurotoxic in our model. The neurotoxicity of CBD is of particular concern given that CBD content can reach 25% in several legally available cannabis preparations with reported blood concentration reaching 82.6 ng/ml (0.263 μM) after chronic use (Meier et al, 2018 ), which is a just a small fraction of the total CBD concentration in the body of these users. The ratio between the concentration of a lipophilic drug in the fat tissue and plasma at a steady-state can reach a value of 3–4 digits undermining the measured drug concentration found by blood analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%