Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Binding Activity and Quantitative Analysis of Cannabis sativa L. Smoke and Vapor

Fischedick, Justin T.; Kooy, Frank van der; Verpoorte, Robert

doi:10.1248/cpb.58.201

Cited by 47 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…The results of the terpenoids analysis in this study show that not only is the total mass of terpenoids greater in cannabis samples with higher C THC levels, but there is a significant variability in the terpenoids in each sample. Previous research showed similar correlations between terpenoid and cannabinoid composition in cannabis plant material [55], and there are also reports of terpenoids as a major constituent of cannabis smoke [33]. In contrast, our results suggest that terpenoids are one of the most variable constituents of cannabis smoke with potentially a 40-fold variation between samples.…”

supporting

confidence: 85%

“…two cannabis samples with potencies of 1.3% and 4.5% delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (D 9 THC) [25], or 1.3% and 4.4% D 9 THC [26]). Other than the single study by Fischedick et al [33], using medicinal cannabis from a single source (6.2%, 10.3% and 21.7% D 9 THC), the highest plant D 9 THC content previously tested was 4.5% [25] and the lowest was 0.3% [35]. A study by Sparacino et al [26] states that, despite knowledge of higher D 9 THC levels, the cannabis sample potencies tested were a practical representation of the market.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Studies have also examined the composition and properties of cannabis smoke produced by different methods of smoking [28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. Most studies have been limited to the comparison of one or two cannabis materials and tobacco products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have been suggestions that terpenoids play an important role in the therapeutic effects of cannabis [33,55,56]. Some research promotes the concept that cannabis has other herbal and synergistic components, as well as D 9 THC, and therefore medicinal products containing only D 9 THC are potentially less effective therapeutically [56].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, our results suggest that terpenoids are one of the most variable constituents of cannabis smoke with potentially a 40-fold variation between samples. Whilst the study by Fischedick et al [33] identified terpenoids as a major constituent of cannabis smoke, it was not directed at the variability of terpenoids, but rather the binding affinity of smoke extracts to cannabinoid receptors. Hence, Fischedick et al [33] may not have identified the variability of terpenoids presented here.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke from a variety of cannabis samples in New Zealand

Sheehan

Hamnett

Beasley

et al. 2018

Forensic Sciences Research

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Studies have compared the chemical properties of tobacco smoke to those of cannabis smoke, with the objective of identifying the chemical attributes responsible for the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of cannabis smoke. Comparative studies have included small sample sizes and produced conflicting results. The aim of this study was to assess the major chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke across a range of cannabis samples of different potencies and origins, sourced from the illegal market in New Zealand. Twelve cannabis samples were studied ranging from 1.0% to 13.4% delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (D 9 THC) content. A smoking machine was used to smoke "joints" (cannabis cigarettes) and the chemical/physical properties of the smoke assessed. The chemical constituents of the smoke extracts were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A range of different chemical constituents (in addition to D 9 THC) were identified and their concentrations estimated. Terpenoids were identified as the major variable in cannabis smoke, showing a 40-fold range in total terpenoid content. Analysis of the total particulate matter showed that significantly different levels of particulate matter were produced between the different cannabis samples, ranging from 14.6 to 66.3 mg/g of cannabis smoked. The D 9 THC delivery efficiency during smoking was also investigated and produced consistent results showing a mean and median of 12.6% and 10.8%, respectively, of the theoretically available D 9 THC (ranging from 7.2% to 28.0%).

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supporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke from a variety of cannabis samples in New Zealand

Sheehan

Hamnett

Beasley

et al. 2018

Forensic Sciences Research

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CannabisSpecies

2020

Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants

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Evaluation of Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol detection using DrugWipe5S^® screening and oral fluid quantification after Quantisal™ collection for roadside drug detection via a controlled study with chronic cannabis users

Wille

Fazio

Toennes

et al. 2014

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Oral fluid (OF) is potentially useful to detect driving under the influence of drugs because of its ease of sampling. While cannabis is the most prevalent drug in Europe, sensitivity issues for Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) screening and problems during OF collection are observed. The ability of a recently improved OF screening device - the DrugWipe5S(®) , to detect recent THC use in chronic cannabis smokers, was studied. Ten subjects participated in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. The subjects smoked two subsequent doses of THC; 300 µg/kg and 150 µg/kg with a pause of 75 min using a Volcano vapourizer. DrugWipe5S(®) screening and OF collection using the Quantisal™ device were performed at baseline, 5 min after each administration and 80 min after the last inhalation. Blood samples were drawn simultaneously. The screening devices (n = 80) were evaluated visually after 8 min, while the corresponding OF and serum samples were analyzed respectively with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Neat OF THC concentrations ranged from 12 361 ng/g 5 min after smoking down to 34 ng/g 80 min later. Under placebo conditions, a median THC concentration of 8 ng/g OF (0-746 ng/g) and < 1 ng/ mL serum (0-7.8 ng/mL) was observed. The DrugWipe5S(®) was positive just after smoking (90%); however, sensitivity rapidly decreased within 1.5 h (50%). Sensitivity of DrugWipe5S(®) should be improved. As chronic cannabis users have high residual THC concentrations in their serum and OF, confirmation cut-offs should be set according to the aim of detecting recent drug use or establishing zero tolerance.

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Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Binding Activity and Quantitative Analysis of Cannabis sativa L. Smoke and Vapor

Cited by 47 publications

References 38 publications

Chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke from a variety of cannabis samples in New Zealand

Chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke from a variety of cannabis samples in New Zealand

CannabisSpecies

Evaluation of Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol detection using DrugWipe5S^® screening and oral fluid quantification after Quantisal™ collection for roadside drug detection via a controlled study with chronic cannabis users

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Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Binding Activity and Quantitative Analysis of Cannabis sativa L. Smoke and Vapor

Cited by 47 publications

References 38 publications

Chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke from a variety of cannabis samples in New Zealand

Chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke from a variety of cannabis samples in New Zealand

CannabisSpecies

Evaluation of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol detection using DrugWipe5S® screening and oral fluid quantification after Quantisal™ collection for roadside drug detection via a controlled study with chronic cannabis users

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Product

Resources

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Evaluation of Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol detection using DrugWipe5S^® screening and oral fluid quantification after Quantisal™ collection for roadside drug detection via a controlled study with chronic cannabis users