Cannabinoids-Human Physiology and Agronomic Principles for Production

Williams, Robert; Williams, David W.

doi:10.2134/industrialhemp.c5

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…The spacing between rows and between plants within a row was 1.8 and 1.5 m, respectively; therefore, the plant density was ∼3600 plants per hectare, which is typical for current outdoor industrial hemp production in the United States. 10 Anthesis, which was determined when 50% plants within a plot showed the first distinguishable pistillate flowers, occurred immediately after transplanting for the DLN varieties (July 3, 2019) and on August 7, 2019 for the DLS varieties when day length was ∼13.5 h. Flower samples were taken on a weekly basis from 2 to 4 weeks postanthesis until the plants fully senesced. Flower samples (50−60 g on a fresh weight basis) were taken from the top one-third of 5 uniform plants within a plot, dried in an oven at 55 °C for 72 h, trimmed to remove stems and leaves, and ground into fine power using a mortar and a pestle for cannabinoid analysis.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The field setup was plasticulture production with 76 cm-wide and 20 cm-high raised beds. The spacing between rows and between plants within a row was 1.8 and 1.5 m, respectively; therefore, the plant density was ∼3600 plants per hectare, which is typical for current outdoor industrial hemp production in the United States . Anthesis, which was determined when 50% plants within a plot showed the first distinguishable pistillate flowers, occurred immediately after transplanting for the DLN varieties (July 3, 2019) and on August 7, 2019 for the DLS varieties when day length was ∼13.5 h. Flower samples were taken on a weekly basis from 2 to 4 weeks postanthesis until the plants fully senesced.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Development of Cannabinoids in Flowers of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): A Pilot Study

Yang

Berthold

McCurdy

et al. 2020

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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A field study was performed to investigate the development of cannabinoids in flowers of industrial hemp using three day-length-sensitive and two day-length-neutral varieties. Flower samples were analyzed for cannabinoids on a weekly basis from 2 to 4 weeks postanthesis to plant senescence. Results indicate that total THC, CBD, and CBG significantly increased as flowers matured, reaching the greatest concentration during 6 to 7 weeks postanthesis. After a plateau stage of varied length for different varieties, the peak concentrations declined as plants senesced. Total THC was above the 0.3% threshold from 4 weeks postanthesis to the end of the growing season for day-length-sensitive varieties, but this only occurred during 6 to 7 weeks postanthesis for day-length-neutral varieties. The CBD/THC ratio in flowers dynamically changed during the entire reproductive stage for all of the evaluated varieties. The current study provides vital information for successful cultivation of industrial hemp.

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Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Cannabinoids in Flowers of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): A Pilot Study

Yang

Berthold

McCurdy

et al. 2020

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…A field trial based on a single environment (i.e., site-year) found the greatest inflorescence yield at 15 plants m −2 and decreased yield at greater plant density (Meier and Mediavilla, 1998). The current production model of IH for cannabinoids in the United States is often similar to horticultural crops, and typical plant density is ∼2,500-12,500 plants ha −1 (Williams & Williams, 2019). It is still unknown whether a greater or lower density will affect the yield of floral materials per hectare and, consequently, total cannabinoid production.…”

Section: Core Ideasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite high-CBD IH cultivars readily available in the market, field-scale production of IH exclusively for cannabinoid extraction is a new effort in the United States for growers and researchers. Current knowledge regarding IH production for cannabinoids under open field conditions is primarily extrapolated from medical and recreational marijuana production systems or is adapted from indoor cannabis production systems (Williams & Williams, 2019). Few modern, replicated, and refereed studies have been performed to generate clear agronomic guidance toward optimal field-scale cannabinoid production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How do pinching and plant density affect industrial hemp produced for cannabinoids in open field conditions?

2021

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Information regarding agronomic practices for field-scale industrial hemp (IH) production for cannabinoids is extremely limited. The objective of this study was to investigate how pinching practice (i.e., removing the apical meristem) and varied plant density affect yield and cannabinoid production of IH in open field conditions. A field trial was performed in northern Florida in 2019 and 2020. The pinching study included pinch and non-pinch treatments evaluated on two commercially available day-length-sensitive IH cultivars Cherry Blossom (CBL) and Cherry Wine (CW). Four plant densities (3,000, 4,000, 6,000, and 12,000 plants ha -1 ) were evaluated on CW. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four blocks. Total flower yield in 2019 was two times greater than in 2020. In 2020, total tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol (CBD) in CBL was significantly greater than in CW. Pinching did not significantly improve flower yield, cannabinoid concentration, or CBD production. Flower yield per plant decreased as plant density increased, but a reversed trend occurred for total flower yield per hectare. Cannabinoid concentration was not affected by plant density, but CBD production increased with increased plant density. Due to the high cost of IH plant material and labor, greater plant density does not always guarantee greater economic return. This study provides valuable information for field-scale cultivation of IH for cannabinoids and supports the development of a large agricultural industry globally.

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“…Crop water demand and uptake differ due to different hemp varieties, soil, climate conditions, and management practices. Hemp is a photosensitive crop, and flowering occurs when nights become longer (at least 10-11 h) or days get shorter [8]. Therefore, the ideal planting time is critical in profitable hemp production, which needs to be researched for South Florida conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Growth, Biomass and Cannabinoid Profiles of Floral Hemp Varieties under Different Planting Dates in Organic Soils of Florida

et al. 2022

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Hemp production has been permitted as a new agricultural commodity in Florida and may serve as a potential rotational crop. Field trials were conducted in the Everglades Agricultural Region with multiple varieties planted at different dates. Data were collected on plant growth parameters, final biomass at harvest, and temporal cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content in developing flowers. Results showed that at the United States Sugar Corporation (USSC) location, the BaOX variety had higher biomass compared to other varieties and at Everglades Research and Education Center (EREC), varieties ACDC and Cherry wine recorded the highest biomass compared to other varieties. Moreover, plant growth parameters such as plant height, canopy cover and SPAD were significantly affected by variety and planting date. Total CBD and THC content in plants increased over time for most varieties except for Early bird and Cherry abacus under second planting. There was a significantly high correlation between total CBD and THC content (R2 = 0.75 to 0.98, slope = 16.8 to 22.8). The THC content in most varieties exceeded the legal limit of 0.3% at some stage of the growing season. The results of this study indicate that the variety performance was largely affected by genetics compared to the planting date.

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Cannabinoids-Human Physiology and Agronomic Principles for Production

Cited by 7 publications

References 122 publications

Development of Cannabinoids in Flowers of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): A Pilot Study

Development of Cannabinoids in Flowers of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): A Pilot Study

How do pinching and plant density affect industrial hemp produced for cannabinoids in open field conditions?

Evaluating Growth, Biomass and Cannabinoid Profiles of Floral Hemp Varieties under Different Planting Dates in Organic Soils of Florida

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