Cannabis sativa bioactive compounds and their extraction, separation, purification, and identification technologies: An updated review

Liu, Yi; Liu, Hongyan; Li, Shenghong; Ma, Wei; Wu, Ding‐Tao; Li, Hua-Bin; Xiao, Aiping; Liu, Liangliang; Zhu, Fan; Gan, Ren‐You

doi:10.1016/j.trac.2022.116554

Cited by 54 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…To overcome these limitations that are characteristic of the 1D spectra of complex mixtures, the identification of the various cannabinoids present in the extracts (CBD, CBDA, CBG, THC) was carried out using the 2D correlation experiments 1 H COSY, 1 H- 13 C HMQC, and 1 H J -Res and the data reported in the literature regarding the NMR characterizations of many single isolated cannabinoids [ 40 , 41 , 42 ]. It is worth underlining that, even in recent papers [ 35 , 36 , 57 ], the NMR methodology is mostly used to characterize fractions or single components of C. sativa obtained by separation techniques. In Figure 6 , 1 H COSY and 1 H- 13 C HMQC spectra are shown together with the corresponding enlargement on the CBD and CBDA correlations taken as an example of the metabolic identification procedure adopted.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, a quantitative analysis with gas chromatography (GC) using the flame ionization detector (FID) method was conducted on samples of the Tiborszallasi variety prepared from the same dried inflorescence matrix as the NMR samples by following the protocol reported in the literature [ 29 ]. It should be emphasized that, given the chemical complexity of C. sativa , the extraction and collection of its various bioactive compounds are not simple and, for this reason, both solvents and different extraction methods are reported in the literature, ranging from microwave-assisted extraction to supercritical fluid extraction [ 36 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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NMR Spectroscopy Applied to the Metabolic Analysis of Natural Extracts of Cannabis sativa

et al. 2022

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Cannabis sativa is a herbaceous multiple-use species commonly employed to produce fiber, oil, and medicine. It is now becoming popular for the high nutritional properties of its seed oil and for the pharmacological activity of its cannabinoid fraction in inflorescences. The present study aims to apply nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to provide useful qualitative and quantitative information on the chemical composition of seed and flower Cannabis extracts obtained by ultra-sound-assisted extraction, and to evaluate NMR as an alternative to the official procedure for the quantification of cannabinoids. The estimation of the optimal ω-6/ω-3 ratio from the 1H NMR spectrum for the seed extracts of the Futura 75 variety and the quantitative results from the 1H and 13C NMR spectra for the inflorescence extracts of the Tiborszallasi and Kompolti varieties demonstrate that NMR technology represents a good alternative to classical chromatography, supplying sufficiently precise, sensitive, rapid, and informative data without any sample pre-treatment. In addition, different extraction procedures were tested and evaluated to compare the elaboration of spectral data with the principal component analysis (PCA) statistical method and the quantitative NMR results: the extracts obtained with higher polarity solvents (acetone or ethanol) were poor in psychotropic agents (THC < LOD) but had an appreciable percentage of both cannabinoids and triacylgliceroles (TAGs). These bioactive-rich extracts could be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, opening new pathways for the production of functional foods and supplements.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

NMR Spectroscopy Applied to the Metabolic Analysis of Natural Extracts of Cannabis sativa

et al. 2022

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“…Madaka et al [49] reported the purification of this class of compounds from Cannabis sativa L. The use of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and flash chromatography in the RevelerisPREP purification system led to the isolation and purification of three cannabinoids including CBD, CBN, and THC with a high purity. Recently, Liu et al [50] reported an extensive review of various advanced technologies for extracting, separating, purifying, and identifying the bioactive compounds in Cannabis sativa. The separation and purification of phytochemicals from this plant have been reported using solid-phase extraction (SPE), centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC), preparative high-performance liquid chromatography ( prep-HPLC), and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC).…”

Section: Topsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of harvest time on the compositional changes in essential oils, cannabinoids, and waxes of hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.)

et al. 2022

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Demand for cannabinoid is growing, with the global market expected to reach $9.69 billion by 2025. Understanding how chemical composition changes in hemp at different harvest times is crucial to maximizing this industrial crop value. Important compositional changes in three different compound classes (essential oils, cannabinoids, and lipids) from inflorescences (tops), leaves, and stems of hemp ( Cannabis sativa L., Finola variety) at different harvesting stages have been investigated. Over 85% of the total extracts from the tops were cannabinoids, while leaves demonstrated the greatest quantities of wax ester and sterols. Essential oil and cannabinoid increased in tops until full flowering (third harvest), reaching 2030 µg g −1 and 39 475 µg g −1 , respectively. Cannabinoids decreased at seed maturity (final harvest) to 26 969 µg g −1 . This demonstrates the importance of early harvesting to maximize cannabidiol (CBD), which is highly sought after for its therapeutic and pharmacological properties. A total of 21 161 µg g −1 of CBD was extracted from the tops at full flowering (third harvest); however, a significant increase (63%) in the banned psychoactive tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was observed from budding (157 µg g −1 of biomass) to the full flowering (9873 µg g −1 of biomass). Harvesting the tops after budding is preferable due to the high CBD content and low amounts of THC.

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“…However, it has several drawbacks, such as consuming a long time, wasting a large number of solvents and energy, using toxic solvents, and degrading thermally unstable compounds [ 17 , 18 ]. Therefore, several green and novel techniques, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), deep eutectic solvent extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction, have been developed for extracting bioactive compounds from plants [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Among these techniques, UAE shows the advantages in time and energy savings, toxic organic solvent reduction, and easy operation [ 23 , 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, Identification, and Quantification of Antioxidants from ‘Jinfeng’ Kiwifruit

Mai

Zhuang

et al. 2022

Foods

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Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) is a nutrient-dense fruit abundant in vitamin C and phenolic compounds, and it exhibits strong antioxidant capacity. However, the antioxidants in ‘Jinfeng’ kiwifruit have seldom been extracted and analyzed, and the conditions for the extraction of kiwifruit antioxidants by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) have seldom been investigated. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize UAE conditions to extract antioxidants from ‘Jinfeng’ kiwifruit. In addition, the antioxidant capacity, contents of total phenolics and total flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and the profiles of antioxidants were also analyzed. The results showed that the optimal UAE conditions included 68% ethanol, liquid/solid ratio at 20 mL/g, extraction time at 30 min, extraction temperature at 42 °C, and ultrasonic power at 420 W. Under these conditions, the ABTS value of kiwifruit was 70.38 ± 1.38 μM TE/g DW, which was 18.5% higher than that of the extract obtained by conventional solvent extraction. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 15.50 ± 0.08 mg GAE/g DW and 5.10 ± 0.09 mg CE/g DW, respectively. Moreover, 20 compounds were tentatively identified by UPLC–MS/MS, and the content of main compounds, such as procyanidin B2, neochlorogenic acid, and epicatechin, were determined by HPLC-–. This research revealed the profiles of antioxidant phytochemicals in ‘Jinfeng’ kiwifruit, which can be a good dietary source of natural antioxidants with potential health functions.

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Cannabis sativa bioactive compounds and their extraction, separation, purification, and identification technologies: An updated review

Cited by 54 publications

References 97 publications

NMR Spectroscopy Applied to the Metabolic Analysis of Natural Extracts of Cannabis sativa

NMR Spectroscopy Applied to the Metabolic Analysis of Natural Extracts of Cannabis sativa

Effect of harvest time on the compositional changes in essential oils, cannabinoids, and waxes of hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.)

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, Identification, and Quantification of Antioxidants from ‘Jinfeng’ Kiwifruit

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