Capripoxviruses: An Emerging Worldwide Threat to Sheep, Goats and Cattle

Abstract

Capripoxviruses are the cause of sheeppox, goatpox and lumpy skin disease (LSD) of cattle. These diseases are of great economic significance to farmers in regions in which they are endemic and are a major constraint to international trade in livestock and their products. Although the distribution of capripoxviruses is considerably reduced from what it was even 50 years ago, they are now expanding their territory, with recent outbreaks of sheeppox or goatpox in Vietnam, Mongolia and Greece, and outbreaks of LSD in Ethiopia, Egypt and Israel. Increased legal and illegal trade in live animals provides the potential for further spread, with, for instance, the possibility of LSD becoming firmly established in Asia. This review briefly summarizes what is known about capripoxviruses, including their impact on livestock production, their geographic range, host-specificity, clinical disease, transmission and genomics, and considers current developments in diagnostic tests and vaccines. Capripoxviruses have the potential to become emerging disease threats because of global climate change and changes in patterns of trade in animals and animal products. They also could be used as economic bioterrorism agents.

Evaluation of Humoral and Cell-mediated Immunity of Two Capripoxvirus Vaccine Strains against Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

“…In endemic regions vaccine failure is a severe impediment for the effective control of LSD. Although LSD vaccines are widely used in the face of outbreaks in countries, vaccine breakdown and re-infection of vaccinated animals have been reported (14,15). Therefore, evaluation of immune response of the vaccines against LSDV in field trial is very important to assessment the status of the existing vaccine strains and to select the best vaccine strain that effectively protects cattle population against LSDV.…”

Mixed infection of peste-des-petits ruminants and Capripox in goats in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo

“…The clinical signs seem to be similar but they are two differents diseases belonging to two differents families. These diseases are characterized by skin pox lesions, conjunctivitis, mucous membranes, high fever and respiratory distress (Babiuk et al, 2008). PPR and CaP nearly the same endemic regions (Brown, 2011;Libeau et al, 2014).…”

Identification and phylogenetic analysis of a sheep pox virus isolated from the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China

“…Goat pox and sheep pox are acute, febrile, contagious diseases (Mangana-Vougiouka et al, 1999;Babiuk et al, 2008). Sheep pox virus (SPPV) and goat pox virus (GTPV) affect both sheep and goats and occur in Africa, Middle East, and Asia (Le Goff et al, 2009).…”