Capsid and Infectivity in Virus Detection

Cliver, Dean O.

doi:10.1007/s12560-009-9020-y

Cited by 68 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…However, viral RNA detection by RT-PCR was necessary to understand the disinfection mechanism employed by underwater arc treatment, as both the viral genome and its capsid are required for virus infectivity (Cliver, 2009). In this study, the RT-PCR results demonstrated that genomic damage of MNV-1 RNA caused by underwater arc treatment was observed, although the level of genomic damage was underestimated in comparison with the inactivation effect detected using culture methods.…”

Section: Changes In the Copy Number In An Rt-pcr Assay Of Mnv-1 Genommentioning

confidence: 78%

Arc discharge-mediated disassembly of viral particles in water

Lee

Kim

et al. 2016

Water Research

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Section: Changes In the Copy Number In An Rt-pcr Assay Of Mnv-1 Genommentioning

confidence: 78%

Arc discharge-mediated disassembly of viral particles in water

Lee

Kim

et al. 2016

Water Research

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“…Though some of the antiviral mechanisms of action of plant antimicrobials may be shared between enveloped and nonenveloped viruses, others may be unrelated. To some extent, antimicrobials that inactivate small enteric RNA viruses such as the picornaviruses (e.g., poliovirus and hepatitis A virus), astroviruses, and caliciviruses (e.g., NoV and MNV) all act on the virus capsid (95). The capsid in such nonenveloped viruses serves to protect the integrity of the viral nucleic acid and to initiate infection by adsorbing to the host cell (95).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Antiviral Action of Plant Antimicrobials against Murine Norovirus

Gilling

Kitajima

Torrey

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Numerous plant compounds have antibacterial or antiviral properties; however, limited research has been conducted with nonenveloped viruses. The efficacies of allspice oil, lemongrass oil, and citral were evaluated against the nonenveloped murine norovirus (MNV), a human norovirus surrogate. The antiviral mechanisms of action were also examined using an RNase I protection assay, a host cell binding assay, and transmission electron microscopy. All three antimicrobials produced significant reductions (P < 0.05) in viral infectivity within 6 h of exposure (0.90 log 10 to 1.88 log 10 ). After 24 h, the reductions were 2.74, 3.00, and 3.41 log 10 for lemongrass oil, citral, and allspice oil, respectively. The antiviral effect of allspice oil was both time and concentration dependent; the effects of lemongrass oil and citral were time dependent. Based on the RNase I assay, allspice oil appeared to act directly upon the viral capsid and RNA. The capsids enlarged from <35 nm to up to 75 nm following treatment. MNV adsorption to host cells was not significantly affected. Alternatively, the capsid remained intact following exposure to lemongrass oil and citral, which appeared to coat the capsid, causing nonspecific and nonproductive binding to host cells that did not lead to successful infection. Such contrasting effects between allspice oil and both lemongrass oil and citral suggest that though different plant compounds may yield similar reductions in virus infectivity, the mechanisms of inactivation may be highly varied and specific to the antimicrobial. This study demonstrates the antiviral properties of allspice oil, lemongrass oil, and citral against MNV and thus indicates their potential as natural food and surface sanitizers to control noroviruses.

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“…This hypothesis predicts that PMA will only be able to distinguish between infectious and noninfectious viral particles when the inactivation conditions result in a sufficiently damaged capsid. Effective damage could be due to physical loss of capsid protein or to conformational changes the expose the nucleic acid (Cliver, 2009). Due to the importance of human NoVs in waterborne disease, the present study uses MNV-1 as a model to evaluate PMA for selective differentiation of infectious and non-infectious NoVs.…”

Section: Q3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Propidium monoazide reverse transcriptase PCR and RT-qPCR for detecting infectious enterovirus and norovirus

Karim

Fout

Johnson

et al. 2015

Journal of Virological Methods

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Presently there is no established cell line or small animal model that allows for the detection of infectious human norovirus. Current methods based on RT-PCR and RT-qPCR detect both infectious and non-infectious virus and thus the conclusions that may be drawn regarding the public health significance of positive findings are limited. In this study, PMA RT-PCR and RT-qPCR assays were evaluated for selective detection of infectious poliovirus, murine norovirus (MNV-1), and Norwalk virus. Viruses were inactivated using heat, chlorine, and ultraviolet light (UV). Infectious and non-infectious viruses were treated with PMA before RT-PCR and RT-qPCR. PMA RT-PCR was able to differentiate selectively between infectious and heat and chlorine inactivated poliovirus. PMA RT-PCR was able to differentiate selectively between infectious and noninfectious murine norovirus only when inactivated by chlorine. However, PMA RT-PCR could not differentiate infectious Norwalk virus from virus particles rendered non-infectious by any treatment. PMA RT-PCR assay was not able to differentiate between infectious and UV inactivated viruses suggesting that viral capsid damage may be necessary for PMA to enter and bind to the viral genome. PMA RT-PCR on naked MNV-1 and Norwalk virus RNA suggest that PMA RT-PCR can be used to detect intact, potentially infectious MNV-1 and Norwalk viruses and can be used to exclude the detection of free viral RNA by PCR assay.

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Capsid and Infectivity in Virus Detection

Cited by 68 publications

References 35 publications

Arc discharge-mediated disassembly of viral particles in water

Arc discharge-mediated disassembly of viral particles in water

Mechanisms of Antiviral Action of Plant Antimicrobials against Murine Norovirus

Propidium monoazide reverse transcriptase PCR and RT-qPCR for detecting infectious enterovirus and norovirus

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