Captación de agua de lluvia en cobertura de viviendas rurales para consumo humano en la Comunidad de Vilca Maquera, Puno-Perú

Abstract

KEY WORDS: RESUMENLa población en estudio carece de abastecimiento de agua potable, consumen agua de pozos rústicos y contaminados, causando enfermedades gastrointestinales. Éste estudio evaluó la cobertura de las viviendas rurales, para la captación del agua de lluvia con fines de consumo humano y diseñar un sistema de captación, almacenamiento y bombeo del agua de lluvia. Para ello se aplicó 82 encuestas de una población total de 209 viviendas, durante el año del 2013, en la Comunidad de Vilca Maquera, del Distrito de Pilcuyo; se realizó cálculos de la demanda de agua por familia, precipitación pluvial neta, cobertura de captación, almacenamiento y bombeo del agua captada, considerando los recursos con que cuentan las viviendas rurales y las especificaciones técnicas. Se obtuvo para un promedio de cuatro integrantes de familia, un volumen de 73 m³, con una cobertura de 120 m2, consumiéndose 24.2 m³ en los meses de diciembre a marzo y el resto es almacenado en una cisterna. La oferta de la precipitación neta durante los meses de lluvia alcanza 721.44 milímetros, siendo la sección transversal de la canaleta rectangular de 0.016 m2 y la potencia de la bomba de 0.5 Hp. De la investigación se concluye, que el agua captada en una superficie de 120 m2 es suficiente para cubrir los requerimientos de agua de la población y los parámetros de la calidad de agua están dentro de los niveles permitidos por los estándares nacionales de calidad ambiental. ABSTRACTThe study population lacks drinking water, consume water from contaminated wells and rustic, causing estomach diseases. This study evaluated the coverage of rural housing, for capturing rainwater for human consumption purposes and design a system of collection, storage and pumping of rainwater. For this 82 surveys of a total population of 209 households was applied during 2013, in the community of Vilca Maquera, the Pilcuyo District; calculations of water demand per household, net rainfall, coverage collection, storage and pumping of water collected was performed, considering the resources available to rural households and technical specifications. Was obtained for an average family of four, a volume of 73 cubic meters, covering 120 m2, consumed 24.2 m³ in the months of December to March and the rest is stored in a cistern. The offer of the net precipitation during the rainy months reached 721.44 mm, the cross section of the rectangular trough of 0.016 m2 and the pump power of 0.5 Hp. Research concludes that the water collected in an area of 120 m2 is sufficient to meet the water requirements of the population and the parameters of water quality are within the levels permitted by national environmental quality standards.

A Rainwater Harvesting and Treatment System for Domestic Use and Human Consumption in Native Communities in Amazonas (NW Peru): Technical and Economic Validation

“…The amount of rainwater collected is proportional to the area of the roofs. And rainfall is linked to the seasons of the year [ 15 ].…”

“…In Sydney, average annual water savings are related to annual rainfall and a positive cost/benefit ratio of rainwater storage tanks [ 14 ]. In Latin America, because of conditions from northern Chile, Peru, and parts of Ecuador, rainwater harvesting is also feasible [ 15 ]. Rainwater storage depends on the size of the tanks and the area, for which technical and economic considerations must be taken into account when choosing the type of storage system [ 8 ].…”

Inversión máxima para incrementar la disponibilidad de agua en comunidades de la zona limítrofe entre Quintana Roo y Campeche, México

“…Por otra parte, en diversos países, los SCALL han sido utilizados para atender problemas de falta de disponibilidad de agua potable, tal es el caso de Australia, Estados Unidos, Canadá, Colombia, Honduras, Brasil y México (Torres, 2019). En Perú, se han propuesto para asegurar hasta 73 m 3 de agua por familia al año con precipitaciones cercanas a los 700 mm anuales en zonas donde se carece de agua potable (Chino-Calli, Velarde-Coaquira, & Espinoza Calsín, 2016).…”

Urban Stormwater Quality in Arequipa, Southern Peru: An Initial Assessment

“…In fact, urban stormwater-related research in this Latin American country had mostly covered topics related to hydraulics and evacuation systems (e.g., [14][15][16][17][18]). Moreover, though some authors in Peru have focused their research on rainwater quality [19][20][21][22] or simply the design of rainwater-harvesting systems for different uses (e.g., [23][24][25]), not a single study has evaluated the quality of urban stormwater; only Guerra [26] studied heavy-metal contents in stormwater generated in rice crop fields in the Department of San Martin, northern Peru. Past environmental quality studies developed in Arequipa had focused mostly on the measurement of air pollution variables such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide, which are all below the MPLs (maximum permissible limits), while particulate matter has exceeded Peruvian environmental quality standards [27].…”