Caracterización Eco-geográfica de melloco (Ullucus tuberosus C.) En la Región Alto Andina del Ecuador

Abstract

Ecogeographic characterization of Melloco (Ullucus tuberosus C.) in the high Andean region of Ecuador
 Resumen
 El estudio se llevó a cabo en la región alto Andina del Ecuador, utilizando la colección nacional de Melloco (Ullucus tuberosus C.), perteneciente al Banco Nacional de Germoplasma del INIAP. El objetivo fue evaluar las características de los sitios de colecta, identificar rangos climáticos y ecosistemas favorables o marginales para el cultivo. Para la caracterización se utilizó información geo-referencial de puntos de colecta y 13 variables climáticas, geofísicas y edáficas. Se generó un Mapa de Caracterización Eco-geográfica del Terreno Específico (mapa ELC) aplicando la herramienta CAPFITOGEN y estadística descriptiva. Como resultados se identificaron categorías que establecen los rangos adaptativos en el cultivo, con 22 categorías definidas por el mapa ELC y el 39% (73) de las accesiones fueron colectadas en las categorías con rangos de temperatura de 11 ºC a 13 ºC, bajo contenido de materia orgánica, pendiente ligeramente inclinada, suelo franco arenoso, poco profundos y un pH moderadamente ácido. Las variables ambientales para las categorías más frecuentes presentaron valores promedios de temperatura entre 5 - 20 °C, una precipitación que oscila entre 379 - 3764 mm, con un rango de altitud entre los 1800 - 3800 msnm, pendiente de 8 - 9° y un pH de 5,7. Los mapas de caracterización eco-geográfica resultaron de utilidad para identificar zonas adecuadas para el melloco y otros tubérculos andinos en Ecuador, y conocer los rangos eco-geográficos para dicho cultivo.
 Palabras clave: Adaptación de las plantas; Biodiversidad; Conservación de recursos; Mapa; pH.
 Abstract
 The study was carried out in the high Andean region of Ecuador using the National collection of Melloco (Ullucus tuberosus C.), which belongs to the National Germplasm Bank of INIAP. The objective was to evaluate the characteristics of the collection sites, identify climatic ranges and favorable or marginal ecosystems for cultivation. For the characterization, georeferential information of collection points and other climatic, geophysical and edaphic variables were used. An Eco-geographic Characterization Map of the specific Land (ELC map) was generated applying the tool CAPFITOGEN and descriptive statistics. As results, categories that establish the adaptive ranges in the crop were identified, with 22 categories defined by the ELC map. 39% (73) of the accessions were collected in the categories with temperature ranges from 11ºC to 13ºC, low content of organic matter, slope slightly inclined, sandy loam soil, shallow and a pH moderately acidic. The environmental variables for the most frequent categories presented average values of temperature between 5 – 20ºC, a precipitation that oscillates between 379 – 3764 mm, with an altitude range between 1800 – 3800 masl, slope of 8 – 9º and pH of 5.7. The eco – graphical characterization maps were useful to identify suitable areas for melloco and other Andean tubers in Ecuador, and to know the eco – geographic ranges for the studied crop.
 Keywords: Plant adaptation; Biodiversity; Resources conservation; Maps; pH.

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