Carbamoylphosphonate-based matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor metal complexes: solution studies and stability constants. Towards a zinc-selective binding group

Abstract

Overactive matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with a variety of disease states. Therefore, their inhibition is a highly desirable goal. Yet, more than a decade of worldwide activity has not produced even one clinically useful inhibitor. Because of the crucial role of zinc in the activity of the enzyme, the design of inhibitors is usually based upon a so-called zinc binding group (ZBG). Yet, many of the hitherto synthesized potent inhibitors failed clinically, presumably because they bind stronger to metals other than zinc. We have developed in vivo potent inhibitors based on the carbamoylphosphonic group as a putative ZBG. In this paper we report stability constants for Ca(II), Mg(II), Zn(II) and Cu(II) complexes of two potent, in vivo active, MMP inhibitors, cyclopentylcarbamoylphosphonic acid (1) and 2-( N, N-dimethylamino)ethylcarbamoylphosphonic acid (2). Precipitation prevented the determination of stability constants for iron(III) complexes of1 and2. For comparison with carbamoylphosphonates1 and2, we synthesized 2-cyclohexyl-1,1-difluoroethylphosphonic acid (3), which does not inhibit MMP, and determined the stability constants of its complexes with Mg(II), Ca(II) and Zn(II). Comparison with the values obtained from the complexes of1 and2 with those from3 indicates participation of the C=O group in the metal binding of the former compounds. The complex stability orders for both1 and2 are Ca(II)<Mg(II)<Zn(II)<Cu(II). In addition, the results indicate that at pH>8 the dimethylamino group of compound2 can also participate in the binding of the transition metals Cu and Zn. On the other hand, the amino group in carbamoylphosphonic acid2 lowers the stability of the complexes with metals favoring oxygen ligands (Ca, Mg and Fe) and increases the selectivity towards Zn. These results are helpful for rationalizing the results observed on our MMP inhibitors hitherto examined, and are expected to be useful for the design of new selective inhibitors.

Carbamoylphosphonate Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors 3: In vivo Evaluation of Cyclopentylcarbamoylphosphonic Acid in Experimental Metastasis and Angiogenesis

“…CPCPA was synthesized as previously described (20). It is a stable, white, water-soluble, crystalline solid with a melting point of 163jC to 164jC, pK a1 < 2, pK a2 = 5.35 (19).…”

“…Our group is involved in a study directed toward this goal. We found that the carbamoylphosphonic function is capable of complexing zinc ions with some selectivity (19) and we recently reported the first examples of the novel class of carbamoylphosphonates synthesized and studied as potential MMPIs (20). A group of alkylcarbamoylphosphonate and cycloalkylcarbamoylphosphonate compounds are described in our recent publication (20).…”

Carbamoylphosphonates inhibit autotaxin and metastasis formationin vivo

“…MMPs aid tumor progression by increasing cancer cell growth, migration and invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis 26,27 . In recent years, we have reported in a series of papers that show CPOs are able to act both in vitro and in vivo as inhibitors of the extracellular MMP 2 [16][17][18] and possess zinc-binding ability 28 . The three enzyme families (ATX, CA IX and XII and MMP 2) have significant differences in their substrates and their products, but share similarities in the fact that they all have zinc ions at their catalytic sites and furthermore, they function in the extracellular medium.…”

A novel and convenient method for synthesis of carbamoyl and thiocarbamoyl phosphonates

“…Among α-functional phosphonic acids, carbamoylphosphonates are important class of compounds that exhibit a variety of interesting and useful properties. Recently, carbamoylphosphonates have been reported as a new zinc-binding group for selective matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) inhibitors [6,7]. In contrast to the widely studied α-functional phosphonic acid derivatives [8][9][10][11][12], relatively few papers have reported on the chemistry of carbamoylphosphonates, although there is evidence that carbamoylphosphonates are pharmaceutically active [13][14][15][16].…”